Horizontal and vertical movements of juvenile bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) in relation to seasons and oceanographic conditions in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Electronically tagged juvenile Pacific bluefin, Thunnus orientalis, were released off Baja California in the summer of 2002. Time‐series data were analyzed for 18 fish that provided a record of 380 ± 120 days (mean ± SD) of ambient water and peritoneal cavity temperatures at 120 s intervals. Geolocations of tagged fish were estimated based on light‐based longitude and sea surface temperature‐based latitude algorithms. The horizontal and vertical movement patterns of Pacific bluefin were examined in relation to oceanographic conditions and the occurrence of feeding events inferred from thermal fluctuations in the peritoneal cavity. In summer, fish were located primarily in the Southern California Bight and over the continental shelf of Baja California, where juvenile Pacific bluefin use the top of the water column, undertaking occasional, brief forays to depths below the thermocline. In autumn, bluefin migrated north to the waters off the Central California coast when thermal fronts form as the result of weakened equatorward wind stress. An examination of ambient and peritoneal temperatures revealed that bluefin tuna fed during this period along the frontal boundaries. In mid‐winter, the bluefin returned to the Southern California Bight possibly because of strong downwelling and depletion of prey species off the Central California waters. The elevation of the mean peritoneal cavity temperature above the mean ambient water temperature increased as ambient water temperature decreased. The ability of juvenile bluefin tuna to maintain a thermal excess of 10°C occurred at ambient temperatures of 11–14°C when the fish were off the Central California coast. This suggests that the bluefin maintain peritoneal temperature by increasing heat conservation and possibly by increasing internal heat production when in cooler waters. For all of the Pacific bluefin tuna, there was a significant correlation between their mean nighttime depth and the visible disk area of the moon.     

沉降对多孔方型人工鱼礁流场效应影响的数值模拟

礁体沉降作为人工鱼礁投放后普遍产生的现象,对人工鱼礁周围流场会产生影响。为研究多孔方型人工鱼礁不同沉降情况下流场效应的变化,采用计算流体动力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)技术,利用Fluent软件模拟在固定来流流速为0.8 m/s时,5种不同沉降程度下单体鱼礁周围的流场情况。结果显示:与无沉降时(初始状态)相比,在沉降程度为20%时,上升流最大高度降低约1.0 m,最大上升流流速增大约0.015 m/s,侧向流速增大区域(大于来流速度)扩大至1.5倍左右,同时礁体背流面透水区域增大,背涡流区域沿水流方向移动约2 m,礁体周围流场情况一定程度上变得更加复杂;在沉降程度为40%时,上升流流速最大值与初始状态相比减少约为0.010 m/s,侧向流增大区域基本一致,此时礁体背流面透水区变化较大,有形成一个逆时针涡旋的趋势;当沉降程度达到60%时,礁体周围流场效应开始明显下降,上升流最大高度相较于初始状态降低约3.2 m,上升流最大流速降低约0.600 m/s,侧向流速增大区域与壁面间距缩短约0.4 m,背涡流区域有消失的迹象;在沉降程度达到80%时,礁体流场效应基本丧失。研究表明,对于多孔方型人工鱼礁,在沉降程度40%以内,人工鱼礁仍然能够发挥着较好的流场效应;礁体在沉降程度达到60%时,礁体周围流场复杂程度相较于初始状态有明显损失,之后随着沉降深度增加,礁体流场效应逐渐消失。     

双层十字翼型人工鱼礁流场效应的数值模拟

本文基于Ansys Fluent平台，采用湍流模型中的大涡模拟方法（large eddy simulation, LES）对双层十字翼型人工鱼礁四种子礁的流场效应进行了数值模拟，采用比混凝土体积法分析其背涡流体积、上升流体积、向上水体输运通量等流场效应数据，得到双层十字翼型鱼礁的最优礁体构造，以期为人工鱼礁的设计和选型提供科学依据。结果表明：双层十字翼型鱼礁加顶板对流场效应并无增益，上升流和背涡流相对体积变小；侧板结构对礁体的上升流和背涡流效应有明显的增益，上升流和背涡流相对体积逐渐变大，全侧板D型礁体的上升流和背涡流效应最强，上升流相对体积可达无侧板B型礁体的13.50~25.48倍，背涡流相对体积达1.40~1.61倍；向上水体输运通量约在一倍礁高处达到最大值，约在两倍礁高处降为最大值的1/2左右。迎流角度的改变，对D型礁体流场效应的影响无显著差异，表明本型礁体对自然海域的潮流流向有很好的适应性。     

南海北部海域夏季仔稚鱼种类组成和主要环境因子的关系

基于2012年夏季在南海北部海域设置的23个站位,以WP2浮游生物网(网口内径57 cm,网长271 cm,网目200 μm)进行垂直拖网采集的样本,研究仔稚鱼的种类组成、数量分布,分析南海北部海域水文特征与仔稚鱼分布的相关关系。研究共采集仔稚鱼230尾,隶属11目33科77种,其中8种鉴定到科,23种鉴定到属,46种鉴定到种。鲈形目(Perciformes)种类最多,有16科24种,占调查海域仔稚鱼种类数的31.17%。其次是灯笼鱼目(Myctophiformes)和巨口鱼目(Stomiiformes),分别为1科18种和4科12种。灯笼鱼科(Myctophidae)、巨口光灯鱼科(Phosichthyidae)、钻光鱼科(Gonostomatidae)的仔稚鱼数量约占仔稚鱼总捕获量的50%。各站位间仔稚鱼种类数的变化,与丰富度指数的变化趋势较为一致。总体而言,粤东海域和琼东海域的仔稚鱼群落结构相对稳定。夏季南海北部琼东沿岸上升流海区、珠江冲淡水海区以及西沙群岛近岸海区仔稚鱼丰度相对较高。典型相关性分析(CCA)结果表明,南海北部仔稚鱼的数量分布与海表面温度(SST)和叶绿素a质量浓度(Chl.a)密切相关。聚类分析结果显示,仔稚鱼群落可划分为2个群组,大洋组和近海组。