杨凌城市生活垃圾中重金属元素的污染特性分析

采用异地取样和理化分析的方法对杨凌城区生活垃圾中重金属元素的含量、浸出毒性进行了测定。通过污染负荷评价得到主要污染元素,并在调查的基础上对重金属来源进行了分析,提出了重金属污染的防治对策。结果表明,垃圾中塑料含量以学生生活区最高,高达41.47%;可腐有机物含量西农学生生活区最高,达到32%～46%,化安生活区最低,只有5.076%;筛下混合物西农学生生活区较低,在20%左右,其他各采样点在37.91%～69.30%。同一采样点的不同重金属元素的含量,表现为Zn的含量最高,变化范围为76.63～704mg·kg-1,其次是Cu和Cr,变化范围分别是7.26～226.7mg·kg-1和13.24～90.21mg·kg-1,As的含量最低,变化范围在0.49～18.52mg·kg-1。生活垃圾因产生主体不同而使污染元素的可浸出态含量差别较大,但不具有浸出毒性危险。杨凌城市生活垃圾中As的污染负荷远远高于Zn和Cu。     

Temporal changes in ascendance and in‐season exploitation of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar,inferred by a video camera array

Abstract Weekly exploitation rates of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the River Utsjoki, Finland, were estimated from catch reports during the 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007 seasons, and recordings of all Atlantic salmon ascending the river using a submerged video camera array. In all years, mean weekly fishing mortality rates were significantly higher in June than July to August, with a falling trend throughout the fishing season. Owing to overlap in size between one‐sea‐winter (1SW) and multi‐sea‐winter (MSW) salmon, the estimated fishing mortality rates were based on all sea‐age categories combined. By the second week in June, 18.3–34.7% of large salmon (only MSW) had ascended, compared with 2.2–6.4% of small salmon (1SW and some MSW). Indirectly, the earlier start of ascent of large salmon to River Utsjoki indicated that in‐river fishing mortality of MSW salmon is higher than for 1SW salmon. A later opening of the fishing season may be used to reduce the in‐river fishing mortality, especially for the MSW component.     

污泥与城市生活垃圾混填的力学特性及稳定性

工业污水和生活污水排放量日益增多,污水处理厂污泥产量日趋加大,污泥填埋关键技术问题已成为当今环境工程以及环境岩土工程的热点问题之一。污泥和垃圾混合填埋在其他国家已得到应用,但由于目前中国关于污泥及其城市生活垃圾混合样的基础性室内试验成果不多,对污泥与城市垃圾混合样的工程力学特性及其混合填埋的适宜比例等不甚了解,从而导致中国污泥垃圾混合填埋工程事故频繁发生。对不同配比的污泥与城市生活垃圾混合样进行了固结压缩实验、三轴固结不排水实验、无侧限抗压强度实验,得出污泥与城市生活垃圾混合样的工程力学特性;同时,用ANSYS数值模拟方法,对不同配合比的污泥城市生活垃圾混合填埋边坡的稳定性进行分析,从而对污泥与城市生活垃圾混合填埋的适宜配合比及其稳定安全问题提出理论支撑。     

Saline water and MSW compost: Effects on yield of maize crop and soil responses

A field experiment was carried out in Southern Italy from 2007 to 2010 adopting a two-year rotation of tomato and maize. In this paper, the results of maize cultivation were reported, with the aim to investigate the effects of different water qualities and fertilizers on yield and soil properties. The following treatments were compared: mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation with fresh water (FWF); mineral N fertilizer and irrigation with saline water (SWF); Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) compost and irrigation with fresh water (FWC); MSW compost and irrigation with saline water (SWC). These treatments were compared with an unfertilized control and irrigation with fresh-water (FW0) and an unfertilized control and irrigation with saline water (SW0). At harvest, yield, grain moisture content, dry matter, grain protein, starch, fat content and soil characteristics were determined. The treatments with compost increased the average grain yield of the 11% compared to mineral fertilizer treatments. Furthermore, the grain yield in SWC increased of the 19% respect to average of SWF and SW0, indicating that MSW compost applied as amendment mitigated the adversely effects of saline water. Compost application significantly increased the Total Organic Carbon (TOC). In particular, the FWC and SWC treatments showed an average increase of the 25% compared to the mean TOC value of FWF and SWF. Moreover, at the end of the experiment, electrical conductivity decreased in SWC treatment respect to the SWF (?21%).     

城市垃圾处理产业化及其高效循环发展新模式浅析

广州番禺区建垃圾焚烧厂的规划被迫暂停,反应出目前我国计划大量实施的垃圾简单收集及其焚烧法无法真正实现＂资源-产品-再生资源-再生产品＂这种投入少、污染小的高效循环经济模式。垃圾处理应产业化,应该和其它产业的链接中实现对同类废弃资源的循环利用。实现这种高效循环经济发展新模式,这其中关键的是生产合适的垃圾分类箱,发挥个人作为垃圾分类回收的主体作用。     

施入城市生活垃圾堆肥对玉米植株重金属分布及土壤养分的影响

以玉米为供试作物,研究施入生活垃圾堆肥对土壤和玉米各器官重金属分布规律及对土壤养分的影响。结果表明:连续3年施肥,土壤速效养分的含量明显增加;土壤重金属呈现累积,但含量远远低于二级土壤标准(GB 15618-1995);植株中重金属含量表现为根部>茎秆>叶片>籽粒,Cd在植株根部富集,但未大量向其他部位转移,玉米植株地上部分重金属含量明显低于饲料卫生标准(GB 13078-2001)。由此推断,在短期内(3年),年施入60 000 kg·hm^-2的垃圾堆肥能提高土壤肥力,且暂时不会引起土壤重金属污染,也不影响玉米植株的饲用;使用多年后应及时监测,以保证安全性。     

Analysis of total inositol phosphates in municipal solid waste compost-treated soils by two extraction methods

 Humic substances are the most dynamic component of agricultural soils. In this study, humic substances were extracted from soils based on standard acid/base solubility and by gel filtration using Sephadex G25. Organic P is a component of humic substances, and inositol phosphates are considered to have high prominence in organic P. The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost on the amount of inositol phosphates (IP) present in soils, and compare methods of extracting humic substances from soils. Total IP (IP_T) in soil extracts was determined following separation using a AG-1× 8 anion exchange resin, acid digestion and ICAP analysis for P. The percentage of IP (%IP) of the total P in the soil was also determined by colorimetric analysis. The soils were part of an experiment to study the effects of three rates of MSW compost and fertilizers on three crops grown in a Pugwash sandy loam (Humo-Ferric Podzol). The data were compared using ANOVA atP≤0.05; extraction methods, fractions [humic/fulvic, high/low molecular (MW)], and five treatments (three different rates of compost, fertilizer, and untreated soil) were compared. The gel filtration method extracted significantly more IP_T and %IP than the solubility method. In the solubility method, humic and fulvic acids contained the same amounts of IP_T and %IP, while the high MW fraction always contained more IP_T and %IP than the low MW fraction in the gel filtration method. Fulvic acids and the low MW fraction contained similar amounts of IP_T and %IP. There were differences in %IP between compost-treated soils and the non-compost-treated soils, although there were no differences in IP_T due to rate of compost addition. Received: 20 October 1999     

The effect of a sandy soil amendment with municipal solid waste (MSW) compost on nitrogen uptake efficiency by plants

The purpose of this work was to determine the influence of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost application on soil properties, nitrogen availability to plants and its uptake efficiency. The paper deals with results of a three-year field experiment where two different MSW composts were non-recurrently applied to sandy soil at rates of 18, 36 and 72 t ha⁻¹ (dry mass). Plots without fertilisation as well as plots fertilised each year with mineral forms of NPK were the controls, and spring triticale was cultivated in a monoculture on all plots as a test plant. Soil properties, plant yield and nitrogen content in grain and straw were determined at harvest, and on this basis the applied nitrogen uptake efficiency was calculated. During the first year, only the plots with the highest dose of the better-quality compost had yields similar to the plots fertilised with mineral NPK. Following the years of the experiment, all the plots treated with compost had distinctly lower yields than the plots fertilised with mineral NPK. That decrease was accompanied by a decrease in the nitrogen content in straw and grain, in spite of the fact that the soil material indicated a similar content of total nitrogen to those fertilised with NPK. This indicates that organic matter brought into the soil with MSW compost was intensively mineralised, releasing a considerable amount of nitrogen. However, the plant response indicated a shortage of the plant-available forms of this element. The efficiency of compost-originated nitrogen uptake by plants was very low, at less than 7% of the applied nitrogen. This indicates that plants can take up only a limited amount of nitrogen released from the compost, while considerable amounts are emitted into the atmosphere.     

The Characteristics of the Components and Pyrolysis of MSW in Chongqing

It is shown from the investigation for the characteristics of the physics & the thermal treatment process about MSW in Chongqing:The complex components exist in MSW. The MSW have the characteristics, such as higher water, ash and lower heat value. And the bubbing temperature zone about the volatility of the organic matter is obviously but the others are not. The optimum relationship exists among the temperature, the size and the staying time of the MSW. The furnace temperature and constructure play very important roles for the clean combustion of the MSW.