Pesticidal Activity of the Leaf and Bark Extracts of Giliricidia sepium on Callosobrucus maculatus

Abstract

The effects of different concentrations of cold and hot aqueous extracts of G. sepium on C. maculatus, the storage pest of cow-pea were examined. The extracts had a killing effect on the weevils. The percentage mortality of the weevils increased with the increase in the extract concentrations. Statistical analyses at 5% level revealed that significant differences abound in the efficacies of the cold and hot aqueous extracts. The hot aqueous leaf and bark extracts tend to have more toxic effect than the cold aqueous extracts. Also, extracts from the bark tend to be more toxic to the weevils than those of the leaves.     

Effects of Hyptis spicigera Lam. (Labiatae) on the behaviour and development of Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), a pest of stored cowpeas

Abstract

The use of beni seed, Hyptis spicigera Lam. (Labiatae), to protect stored cowpeas from bruchid attacks is a widespread practice in West Africa. More knowledge about its actual effects on storage pests is needed to enhance its effectiveness. In this laboratory study, repellent and lethal effects of powder and essential oil from H. spicigera on Callosobruchus maculatus, the main pest of stored cowpeas, were studied. Repellency tests undertaken with a Y-tube olfactometer showed that powder was repulsive for C. maculatus adults. On the other hand, this product had no insecticidal activity. Essential oil had a dose-dependent insecticidal effect while sublethal doses repelled the adults. Both products reduced oviposition by 15 – 19 and 7 – 78% according to the doses of powder and essential oil, respectively, tested. Similarly, egg viability decreased with increasing doses of powder and essential oil used in a range of 40 – 75 and 24 – 86%, respectively. Only essential oil was lethal to C. maculatus larvae developing within cowpea seeds; however, oil activity was age-dependent, younger instars being more susceptible. These results are discussed with a view of controlling C. maculatus populations in stored cowpeas.     

检疫性害虫四纹豆象的胚胎发育研究

为了完善国内在四纹豆象胚胎发育方面的研究,为四纹豆象的有效治理提供科学理论依据,给中国粮食部门的四纹豆象防治工作提供真实可靠的实验数据,通过显微镜观察描述了四纹豆象的胚胎发育过程,同时研究了温度对其发育历期的影响。结果表明：在28℃恒温和70%相对湿度条件下,四纹豆象胚胎发育经历了卵裂、胚盘胚带形成、胚层胚膜形成、胚体分节和附肢形成、胚胎背合与胚胎成熟时期等五个过程。卵的历期为118 h,其中0~11 h 为卵裂期,12~16 h 为胚盘胚带形成期,17~21 h 是胚层胚膜形成期,22~90 h 为胚体分节和附肢形成阶段,91~118 h 是胚胎背合与胚胎成熟阶段。在20~37℃的温度范围内,实验种群卵的孵化时间伴随着温度的提高而缩短。本研究为四纹豆象分类和系统发育提供依据,也为四纹豆象分子生物学的深入研究奠定了基础。     

Effects of Chinese herbal medicines mixture on growth performance digestive enzyme activity immune response of juvenile Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus

A single factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Chinese herbal medicines mixture (CHMM) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus (initial weight 5.01 ± 0.32 g). The fish were fed diets containing six levels of CHMM (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 g/kg) for 4 weeks. The results showed that the weight gain rate and specific growth rate (SGR) enhanced significantly in fish fed diet containing 8 g/kg CHMM (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 4 and 8 g/kg CHMM groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). The body crude protein levels in 8 and 16 g/kg groups were significantly higher than the control (p < .05). The pepsin, amylase and lipase activities elevated significantly in the stomach of fish fed 8 g/kg CHMM, while the erepsin and lipase in the intestine of fish in 12 and 16 g/kg groups were higher significantly than the control (p < .05). The lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase (ACP), total antioxidative capacity activities in serum of fish fed 12 g/kg CHMM were higher significantly than those in the control (p < .05), while the total superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidative capacity, catalase, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and ACP activities in hepatopancreas of fish in 12 g/kg group were all significantly higher than those in the control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary CHMM levels and either FCR, SGR, erepsin, pepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by quadratic or cubic regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 11.4, 10.7, 10.7, 8.4 and 10.5 g/kg for maximum FCR, SGR, erepsin, pepsin and lysozyme activities, respectively. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of CHMM in the diet of Japanese seabass is 8–12 g/kg.     

不同贮藏温度下鲈鱼腐败菌生长动力学与货架期预测

为快速预测鲈鱼在不同温度下特定腐败菌的生长规律,模拟了鲈鱼的4种贮藏温度:流化冰贮藏(-1.8℃)、碎冰贮藏(0℃)、冷藏1(4℃)与冷藏2(10℃),分析了不同温度下鲈鱼的菌落总数、希瓦氏菌与假单胞菌数,并测定了相应条件下鲈鱼货架期终点时的总挥发性盐基氮和QI值。采用修正的Gompertz方程描述鲈鱼特定腐败菌的动态变化,分别以Belehradek平方根方程和Arrhenius方程建立微生物生长预测模型。结果表明,修正的Gompertz方程能准确描述4种贮藏温度下鲈鱼特定腐败菌的生长规律,希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌的腐败阈值分别为(6.48±0.41)lg CFU/g与(6.33±0.36)lg CFU/g。通过碎冰贮藏组(0℃)和模拟流通组(流化冰预冷(-1.8℃)—无冰运输(0.8℃)—碎冰贮藏(0℃))样品对模型适用性进行验证,得出基于Belehradek方程的希瓦氏菌、假单胞菌生长预测模型偏差度分别为0.993 6、0.951 0和1.024 2、0.982 1,准确度分别为1.084 5、1.042 5和1.107 5、1.093 4,货架期预测模型相对误差绝对值在0~10%,准确度优于Arrhenius方程。因此,由Belehradek方程建立的模型能更准确描述鲈鱼在常规流通方式下希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌的生长规律,可为鲈鱼流通货架期的预测提供理论依据。     

Effects of dietary ethoxyquin on growth,feed utilization and residue in the muscle of juvenile Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus

Ethoxyquin (EQ) is the most common synthetic antioxidant used for preventing rancidity in fish foodstuffs. However, literature related to the effects of dietary EQ on performance of fish was limited. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of EQ on performance and EQ residue in muscle of juvenile Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus and to estimate the optimal EQ concentration in the diet. Graded levels [0 (control), 50, 150, 450 and 1350 mg EQ kg^?1 diet] of EQ were added to the basal diet, resulting in five dietary treatments in the experiment. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of seabass (initial body weight 8.01 ± 0.76 g) for 12 weeks in floating sea cages (1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 m, 30 fish per cage). Survival ranged from 78.9 to 86.7%, and was irrespective of dietary EQ levels. The specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed diets supplemented with ≤50 mg kg^?1 EQ had significantly (P < 0.05) higher SGR than fish fed diets supplemented with ≥150 mg kg^?1 EQ, the highest SGR was observed in fish fed diet with 50 mg kg^?1 EQ supplementation. Feed intake (FI) and feed efficiency (FE) were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among dietary treatments. Fish fed diets with 50 and 1350 mg kg^?1 EQ had a significant (P < 0.05) lower body lipid content than fish in the control group. Muscle EQ level significantly increased when dietary EQ increased. Optimal EQ concentration estimated by polynomial regression based on maximum growth of juvenile Japanese seabass was 13.78 mg kg^?1 diet.     

生长中期花鲈对L-异亮氨酸需要量的研究

本实验旨在研究生长中期鲈鱼对饲料L-异亮氨酸的需要量。选取初始体重159.33±1.20g的鲈鱼为实验对象,在基础饲料中梯度添加晶体L-异亮氨酸,配制出异亮氨酸实测含量分别为0.72%、1.11%、1.53%、1.93%、2.31%和2.72%的6种饲料,在海水浮式网箱中进行10周养殖实验。实验结果表明,随饲料中L-异亮氨酸含量的升高,鲈鱼增重率(WGR)、饲料效率(FER)及蛋白质沉积率(PPV)均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,各组间差异显著(P<0.05),且在1.93%L-异亮氨酸饲料组出现最大值,分别为108.55%、0.89、和37.57%。饲料中L-异亮氨酸含量对存活率(SR)、摄食率(FI)、肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)、肥满度(CF)、体组成和肌肉氨基酸组成均无显著影响(P>0.05)。肝脏谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力随饲料中L-异亮氨酸含量的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。饲料中L-异亮氨酸含量对血清甘油三酯(TG)含量有显著影响(P<0.05),在L-异亮氨酸含量为1.93%时达到最大值,显著高于0.72%和1.11%组(P<0.05),但与其它各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中L-异亮氨酸含量对血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力、血清总胆固醇(TC)含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。以增重率(WGR)和蛋白质沉积率(PPV)为评价指标,得出生长中期鲈鱼对饲料中L-异亮氨酸的需求量分别为1.88%和1.84%饲料干重,占饲料蛋白质的4.41%和4.32%。     

鹰嘴豆象与四纹豆象的分子检测技术

结合聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)和酶切方法,对鹰嘴豆象Callosobruchus analis(Fabricius)和四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus(Fabricius)的分子检测技术进行了研究。根据两种豆象m tDNACOⅠ基因序列的比对结果设计了2对特异性PCR引物,并筛选到2个特异性内切酶SnaⅠ和MboⅠ,通过PCR反应(最适退火温度为55℃)和PCR产物的酶切反应检测2个近缘种。可靠性检测表明,2对引物针对不同地理种群和个体以及不同DNA浓度的鹰嘴豆象和四纹豆象均能扩增出相应的目的条带。限制性内切酶验证结果表明,PCR技术具有较高的准确性和灵敏度,弥补了形态鉴定的不足。     

太湖花产卵类型的确定及繁殖前后鱼体成分的变化

对25对池塘回养花（Hemibarbus maculatus Bleeker）（雄鱼平均体长25cm,平均体重247.9g;雌鱼平均体长25.8cm,平均体重278.8g）繁殖前后体成份的变化进行了测定,并确定了其产卵类型。结果显示,繁殖后亲鱼的粗脂肪含量比繁殖前低了32.14%;粗蛋白含量则升高13.19%;灰分变化不大,水分略呈下降趋势。卵径分布频率结果显示,花属于一次分批产卵类型。