Genetic analysis for sow stayability at different parities in purebred Landrace and Large White pigs

Genetic parameters for sow stayability were estimated from farrowing records of 10,295 Landrace sows and 8192 Large White sows. The record for sow stayability from parity k to parity k + 1 (k = 1, …, 6) was 0 when a sow had a farrowing record at parity k but not at parity k + 1, and 1 when a sow had both records. Heritability was estimated by using single-trait linear and threshold animal models. Genetic correlations among parities were estimated by using two-trait linear–linear and single-trait random regression linear animal models. Genetic correlations with litter traits at birth were estimated by using a two-trait linear–linear animal model. Heritability estimates by linear model analysis were low (0.065–0.119 in Landrace & 0.061–0.157 in Large White); those by threshold model analysis were higher (0.136–0.200 & 0.110–0.283). Genetic correlations among parities differed between breeds and models. Genetic correlation between sow stayability and number born alive was positive in many cases, implying that selection for number born alive does not reduce sow stayability. The results seem to be affected by decisions on culling made by farmers.     

草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用

为明确草栖钝绥螨Amblyseius herbicolus对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的控制潜能,在温度分别为19、22、25、28和31℃、相对湿度均为（85±5）%、光周期均为16 L∶8 D条件下测定草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食偏好性、捕食功能反应及自身干扰反应。结果表明,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨幼螨和第1若螨具有嗜食性,对其捕食选择系数分别为2.22和1.27,均大于1.00,对二斑叶螨卵、第2若螨和雌成螨捕食选择系数分别为0.61、0.68和0.22,均小于1.00。在不同温度条件下,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型;在19～31℃范围内,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的瞬时攻击率、最大日捕食量和捕食能力均随着温度升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,在28℃时达到最大值;而草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的处理时间随着温度升高呈先缩短后延迟的趋势,在28℃下处理时间最短。在相同温度下,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨和第1若螨的捕食作用较强。在有限的捕食空间和二斑叶螨密度固定的条件下,草栖钝绥螨单头捕食量和捕食作用率随其自身密度的增加而逐渐下降,说...     

大型拖拉机设计中的人性化美学要素研究

对大型拖拉机设计中的人性化美学要素进行了分析和研究,以求用优秀的人性化美学设计出能够满足使用者的生理、心理和审美需求的产品,提升我国大型拖拉机的市场竞争力。     

大流量电液控制阀设计与试验

设计了一种大流量电液控制阀,采用压差反馈取代常用的位移反馈,为二级阀闭环提供了一种新方法并降低了成本;采用椭圆油口降低了阀芯长度与质量,有利于提高系统频响。建立了电液控制阀系统的数学模型并进行了仿真分析,结果表明采用矩形窗口与三角形窗口组合的复合节流窗口的设计可同时满足大流量时的快速性与小流量时的稳定性要求,电液控制阀最大流量为417 L/min,在±50%输入信号下频响为73 Hz。研制了试验样机并成功应用于液压软管脉冲试验系统,系统在不同负载下的水锤波响应进一步验证了所设计大流量电液控制阀应用的广泛性。     

“大规格绿化苗木”批量检验方法初探

近年来,随着我国城市及道路绿化的建设发展,对工程质量及苗木规格要求不断提高,"大规格绿化苗木"在许多绿化工程中得到广泛应用。由于此类苗木单价高,几乎占了整个工程造价的一半以上,在工程管理中稍有不慎,便会给整个工程质量造成极大的影响。本文就传统的检验方法与新的检验方法实效进行对比分析,并结合多来年绿化工程施工及管理工作的实践经验,就"大规格绿化苗木"的批量检验方法及其应用作一探讨。     

Influence of river conditions during seaward migration and ocean conditions on survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead

Petrosky CE, Schaller HA. Influence of river conditions during seaward migration and ocean conditions on survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 520–536. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Improved understanding of the relative influence of ocean and freshwater factors on survival of at‐risk anadromous fish populations is critical to success of conservation and recovery efforts. Abundance and smolt to adult survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead decreased dramatically coincident with construction of hydropower dams in the 1970s. However, separating the influence of ocean and freshwater conditions is difficult because of possible confounding factors. We used long time‐series of smolt to adult survival rates for Chinook salmon and steelhead to estimate first year ocean survival rates. We constructed multiple regression models that explained the survival rate patterns using environmental indices for ocean conditions and in‐river conditions experienced during seaward migration. Survival rates during the smolt to adult and first year ocean life stages for both species were associated with both ocean and river conditions. Best‐fit, simplest models indicate that lower survival rates for Chinook salmon are associated with warmer ocean conditions, reduced upwelling in the spring, and with slower river velocity during the smolt migration or multiple passages through powerhouses at dams. Similarly, lower survival rates for steelhead are associated with warmer ocean conditions, reduced upwelling in the spring, and with slower river velocity and warmer river temperatures. Given projections for warming ocean conditions, a precautionary management approach should focus on improving in‐river migration conditions by increasing water velocity, relying on increased spill, or other actions that reduce delay of smolts through the river corridor during their seaward migration.     

Diurnal Vertical Migrations of Meiofauna in an Estuarine Sand Flat

Diurnal vertical migrations of meiofauna were observed in an estuarine sand flat and these were related primarily to desiccation and temperature. The migrations, which occurred in the top 10 cm of the sediment, had a mean range of 5 cm and were most strongly exhibited by the interstitial flatworms, polychaetes and oligochaetes, followed by the nematodes and harpacticoid copepods. It is concluded that vertical migrations are restricted to areas experiencing some degree of desiccation and would not be significant in waterlogged areas such as mud flats.     

塔里木河鱼类区系变化及土著鱼类保护问题

塔里木河鱼类区系从６０年代前的１５种增加到８０年代的４１种；区系成份增加河平原复合体，早第三纪复合体，热带平原复合体，北方平原复合体的成份。塔河土著鱼类分布区缩小，数量减少，如新疆大头鱼已到濒危状态。影响塔河鱼类正常生长、增殖的主要因素是水利工程建筑，垦荒毁林，过度捕捞，不合理移植。文章还提出了保护塔河土著鱼类的措施。