Influence of smoke exposure on soil enzyme activities and nitrification

Summary Soil was exposed to red phosphorous/butyl rubber (RP/BR) aerosols at various relative humidities in a recirculating environmental wind tunnel. Soil microbial and enzymatic activities were measured immediately after exposure and periodically thereafter for 56 days. The nitrification potential was significantly reduced in soil amended with ammonium sulfate and exposed to RP/BR smoke, and could be related to a decline in soil pH. The rate of nitrate formation in unamended soil with time was also reduced, but by 57 days postexposure, concentrations were similat to those of unexposed controls in all but the thinnest soil lense. Soil dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzyme activities were sensitive to RP/BR smoke and in some treatments no activity was detected. The measured activities did not recover within the 56-day postexposure period and in some cases declined. Soil lense thickness was the greatest factor controlling the degree of RP/BR effects, indicating that injury to soil microbial and enzymatic activities may be surficial. Deposition of smoke particles increased with increasing relative humidity, which had a significant impact on the activities measured.     

Assessing air-drying and rewetting pre-treatment effect on some soil enzyme activities under Mediterranean conditions

Soil enzyme activities are useful indicators of soil quality as they are very sensitive to disturbance. Sample storage or pre-treatments could affect the results in these assays, which are normally determined in fresh samples, kept cold or frozen. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the effect of air-drying or air-drying and rewetting on β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase and urease activities in soils from different locations, degradation status and sampling seasons, and (ii) assess if air-drying or air-drying and rewetting is an accurate sample storage and pre-treatment procedure for enzyme activities in soil quality evaluations under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. Our results showed that urease, phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities were hardly affected by air-drying of degraded and non-degraded soils from the two locations studied in all seasons. Short incubations (4, 8 and 12 d at 23 °C) of rewetted air-dried soil at 55% of water-holding capacity showed different patterns depending on the enzyme studied. Urease and β-glucosidase activities were relatively stable during incubation, with several significant (P<0.05) shifts up and down in some soils and samplings. However, acid phosphatase showed an increase in activity with incubation, of between 5% and 50% relative to air-dried samples. These increases followed no pattern and were unrelated to soil characteristics or sampling date. Hence, urease, phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities determined in air-dried soil samples seem to be representative of those obtained under field-moist conditions. In contrast, short incubations of rewetted soil samples can produce fluctuations in these enzyme activities, mainly of acid phosphatase, and estimations in these conditions are not so representative of field-moist soil values.     

Microbial and enzyme activity in soils amended with a natural source of easily available carbon

The addition of sugar beet to soils as a source of C led to an increase in the availability of easily utilizable C (glucose), which in turn markedly increased numbers of soil bacteria and of the yeast Williopsis californica. Nitrification, P solubilization, urea hydrolysis (and the subsequent nitrification of liberated NH _inf4 ^sup+ ) were stimulated by this amendment. The stimulation of nitrification may have been a result of increased heterotrophic nitrification. In contrast, the concentration of sulphate in S^o-amended soils declined following amendment, presumably as the result of enhanced S immobilization. Activity of the enzymes amylase, aryl sulphatase, invertase, phosphatase, dehydrogenase, and urease were all stimulated by the sugar beet amendment. These results suggest that sugar beet amendment could be used to increase the rate of release of plant-available ions from fertilizers such as insoluble phosphates. Problems may arise, however, from a subsequent increase in nitrification and reduced sulphate availability.     

非对称性增温对冬小麦强势粒和弱势粒淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响

以扬麦11为材料,采用全生育期田间开放式增温系统进行增温处理,研究了不同增温处理对小麦强和弱势粒淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响差异。结果表明,冬小麦强势粒中蔗糖合酶(SS)、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性较弱势粒高,而且三者白天的活性均比夜间高。不增温条件下,整个灌浆期强势粒中SS、AGPase和SBE的活性平均分别比弱势粒高72.9%、111.4%和7.8%。全天、白天和夜间增温条件下,强势粒SS白天的活性比常温对照的高8.4%~31.2%,夜间的活性比对照高11.1%~20.3%;弱势粒SS白天的活性比对照高9.7%~20.3%之间,夜间的活性比对照高6.1%~32.0%。弱势粒中AGPase活性在不同增温处理下也显著提高,其白天的活性比对照高54.2%~124.4%,夜间的活性比CK高20.7%~99.3%。增温对SBE活性的影响较小,强势粒和弱势粒在增温条件下其白天的活性均比对照高3.9%~12.1%,夜间的活性均比对照高1.0%~7.6%。相关分析表明,AGPase和SBE的活性与千粒重之间存在极显著正相关,增温条件下AGPase和SBE的活性显著提高,尤其是弱势粒中AGPase和SBE活性的显著提高是千粒重提高的一个重要原因。     

NaCl胁迫对向日葵种子萌发的影响

通过对盆栽3个品种向日葵进行3种浓度的中性盐胁迫处理,研究了NaCl胁迫对向日葵种子萌发的影响.结果表明:随着NaCl胁迫强度的增加,各品种出苗时间有所延迟,出苗率下降,幼苗苗高和叶片数等均受到影响,NaCl浓度为0.2 mol/L时严重影响向日葵幼苗生长.在抗氧化保护酶活性变化方面,康地5号POD,CAT活性变化较2603和KWS 203快,而SOD活性上升更明显.     

玉米生料发酵生产酒精的研究

采用低温淀粉酶对玉米生料发酵酒精技术进行研究,结果表明,在玉米粉碎度为40目,活性干酵母加量0.3%时,玉米淀粉生料发酵制备酒精的最佳工艺条件为:初始底物质量分数为30%,发酵温度30℃,搅拌转速为75 r/min,自然初始pH值,低温淀粉酶加量为200 U/g(液化酶100 U/g,糖化酶100 U/g),在此条件下,发酵醪的酒精体积分数达到16.4%。     

控释氮肥对水稻氮代谢关键酶活性及糙米蛋白质含量的影响

为了探明控释氮肥提高氮素利用率的作用机理，研究了控释氮肥对水稻氮代谢关键酶活性以及糙米蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明，施用控释氮肥能显著增强齐穗期和乳熟期叶片中的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酰胺转化酶活性，且其增强作用可持续到蜡熟期。施用控释氮肥还能提高乳熟期和蜡熟期叶片中的蛋白水解酶活性，对水稻籽粒中谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酰胺转化酶活性有明显的促进作用，可增加糙米的全氮和蛋白氮含量，提高水稻产量。     

连作对烤烟生长和烟地土壤酶活性的影响

采用完全随机设计,通过连续6季盆栽试验,分析了灰岩黄壤和第四纪黄壤两种贵州大面积分布的烤烟土壤中,不同连作年限对烤烟生长和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)连作严重影响烤烟植株的生长,种植各季及不同土壤类型间其生物量均达显著差异。(2)脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性随连作年限的增加酶活性降低,过氧化氢酶活性则显著增强。(3)连作障碍在盆栽四季或五季时表现最为明显;就土壤类型而言,灰岩黄壤比第四纪黄壤更适宜烤烟连作。     

血清酶活与猪肉品质关系的研究

通过１５头９０公斤体重ＳＤ—Ⅰ系猪的肉脂品质与血清中酶活的研究，表明磷酸肌酸激酶（ＣＰＫ）在猪肉品质中是一个很活跌的酶，它与瘦肉率、ｐＨ值存在着高阶偏相关关系，其四阶偏相关系数分别为０．６５，－０．５８，ＣＰＫ活性越高瘦肉率越高，ｐＨ值越低。它与肉质呈负相关趋势。可见，ＣＰＫ酶活超过一定限度，应激敏感性的猪存在的可能性越大，因而在瘦肉猪的选育工作中可将ＣＰＫ作为一项预测肉质优劣的选种指标。     

吸水剂提高群众杨的抗盐性及其机理

该文利用盐敏感的群众杨,研究在盐胁迫条件下吸水剂对树木抗盐性的影响．实验中使用的是德国Stockhausen化学公司研制生产的新型吸水剂:Stocksorb 500 XL(钾-聚丙烯酸脂-聚丙烯酰胺共聚体)．土壤中施用0.5%吸水剂(干重)提高了群众杨的抗盐性．在盐胁迫期间,吸水剂处理显著抑制了有害盐离子Na+和Cl-在苗木叶片中的积累,提高了苗木的气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(TRN)和光合速率(Pn),使苗木能够维持超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶和过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶的活性,保持了活性氧清除能力．NaCl处理苗木在处理后25 d叶片出现盐害,Stocksorb 500 XL型吸水剂使苗木盐害出现的时间推迟20 d．吸水剂能调控植物对离子的吸收,主要源于吸水剂对盐分的缓冲作用和离子选择吸附作用:①Stocksorb 500 XL自身超强的吸水能力起到了稀释土壤盐分的作用,形成了植物根系生长的低盐环境;②通过对离子的选择吸附,吸水剂胶体富积了钙和镁,屏蔽了Na+离子．另外,Stocksorb 500 XL自身含有可被植物根系吸收利用的K+．所以,根系生长在这样的环境中,无疑将减少对有害盐离子的吸收、转运和积累,而增加对营养元素的吸收和利用,最终提高了植物的抗盐性．