宁夏AM真菌的多样性及与环境因子的关系

综述宁夏多种生态环境中AM真菌种群落多样性。通过对多种土壤因子、土壤类型、植被类型与AM真菌多样性、孢子密度以及菌根侵染率的关系比较,探讨环境因子对AM真菌多样性的影响。研究表明,宁夏不同土壤类型区域中AM真菌种类及分布在一定程度上是与植被类型、植物多样性和土壤肥力特征相对应的。     

人工养殖下金钱龟常见疾病及防治模式

在金钱龟的人工养殖过程中,观察到部分个体发生了腐皮、肺炎、腹泻等疾病。通过对细菌的实验室诊断和生化特性鉴定,发现引起金钱龟腐皮和腹泻的病原体为嗜水气单胞菌,而肺炎则是由温度突变引起的感冒造成。因此,进一步研究了人工养殖条件下金钱龟的常见疾病与一些环境因子的关系。研究表明,温度差异对金钱龟的生理机能有显著的影响,而水质条件和养殖密度的调控也关系到金钱龟的健康生长,这也为金钱龟防治疾病及健康养殖模式提供一些参考依据。     

Response of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems on Mineral Soils to Nutrient Additions: A Review of Swedish Experiences

Nitrogen (N) is the only nutrient that promotes forest growth when given individually. An extra stem growth of 15 m 3 ha -1 is obtained during a 10 yr period following an application of 150 kg N ha -1 . Larger growth increases have often been the result of more intensive N fertilization. Lime or wood ash give a minor growth stimulation on sites with a carbon (C) to N ratio below 30 in the humus layer, while the opposite effect prevails on N-poor sites. Nutrients given as soluble fertilizers are readily taken up by trees. Boron deficiency may be induced in northern Sweden after N fertilization or liming. The ground vegetation may be altered by single-shot N fertilization, but long-term effects occur only for intensive regimes. Lime or wood ash may modify the flora if soil pH is significantly altered: the change will be in response to N availability. Fruit-body production of mycorrhizal fungi is disfavoured by chronic N input, but also by lime or ash. However, the mycorrhizal structures on root tips are less affected. Faunistic studies are not common and those present are mostly devoted to soil fauna. A practical N dose of 150 kg N ha -1 has no clear effect, but higher doses may reduce the abundance in some groups. Hardened wood ash does not significantly affect the soil fauna. Lime favours snails and earthworms, while other groups are often disfavoured. The response of aquatic fauna to terrestrial treatments has hardly been studied. N fertilization generally results in insignificant effects on fish and benthic fauna. Lime and wood ash reduce the acidity of the topsoil, but practical doses (2-3 t ha -1 ) are too low to raise the alkalinity of runoff unless outflow areas are treated. N fertilizer use in forestry and N-free fertilizers lack effects on acidification. N fertilization may, however, be strongly acidifying if nitrification is induced and followed by nitrate leaching. N fertilization often results in increased long-term C retention in trees and soil, but does not promote significant N 2 O losses. N may temporarily reduce CH 4 oxidation in soil, but there are indications of a long-term opposite effect. Lime and poorly hardened wood ash may cause losses of C from N-rich soils. Only a few per cent of added N are leached to surface water following practical N fertilization, while N-free fertilizers do not induce N leaching. Soil incubations and soil-water studies suggest an increased risk for nitrate formation and leaching where lime or wood have been added to N-rich soils, but increased leaching to surface water has not been observed. Wood ash causes a temporal increase in bioavailability of cadmium (Cd). Other fertilizers may indirectly increase the availability of heavy metals. Wood ash may contain radioactive caesium 137Cs, but addition of such ash does not increase radioactivity in plants and soil.     

温度和季节对四川白獭兔部分繁殖性状的影响分析

环境因素特别是温度、光照对家兔的繁殖力影响很大。为评估亚热带地区温度和季节对四川白獭兔繁殖性状的影响,对四川成都邛崃市某兔场2008-2009年的四川白獭兔种兔部分繁殖资料进行了相关性分析。结果表明:温度和季节对四川白獭兔的窝平均产仔数、初生仔兔死亡率的影响明显,夏季高温条件下四川白獭兔的窝平均产仔数最低为6.00只;而冬春季节较高,分别为6.19只和6.16只。夏季初生兔死亡率最高为0.07%,而秋季最低为0.03%。     

东乌珠穆沁旗林地资源对草原生态环境的影响

文章通过对东乌珠穆沁旗林地资源及其质量的分析,研究林地资源的发展对保护草原牧区生态环境的重要作用。     

基于作物模型的温室环境管理系统设计与实现

为改进温室环境管理系统的性能,获取实时动态生成的决策信息,建立了基于作物模型的温室环境管理系统。在借鉴前人先进研究成果的基础上,通过实验建立了简化的温室番茄和黄瓜作物生长模型;其次,通过收集资料和专家经验建立了温室环境管理知识库;最后,应用农业环境实时监测数据,综合利用模型预测和知识推理建立了温室环境管理决策支持系统。通过实际运行表明,系统可实时动态输出室内温度、光照等参数的优化值及其它相关辅助决策信息,通过进一步完善可望取得更好的应用前景。     

果实糖代谢与含量调控的研究进展

甜度作为水果风味的重要组成部分,在果实品质形成中扮演重要角色.糖含量和比例是影响果实风味与甜度的重要因素,在果实发育进程中受到糖转运和代谢的高度调控.因此,了解糖代谢与含量之间的关系,是提高果实品质的关键.植物中的碳水化合物不仅为体内代谢提供能量,而且可以作为响应环境的信号分子起关键作用.重点综述了糖代谢关键酶和相关基...     

Production and Environmental Implications of Equine Grazing

Horses' physical and digestive well-being is often enhanced when allowed to graze on pastures. Furthermore, a well-managed pasture can contribute to economic viability. Grazing can however have deleterious effects on the environment if not properly managed. Although equine grazing, defecating, and ground trampling behavior is unique from that of other livestock species, pasture management practices are often based on those derived from cattle grazing. This review summarizes the current knowledge of impacts of equine grazing on pasture quality and environment and identifies gaps where further information is needed to formulate and recommend sustainable grazing methods specific to equine.     

More Rice,Less Water—Integrated Approaches for Increasing Water Productivity in Irrigated Rice-Based Systems in Asia

Abstract

The water crisis is threatening the sustainability of the irrigated rice system and food security in Asia. Our challenge is to develop novel technologies and production systems that allow rice production to be maintained or increased in the face of declining water availability. This paper introduces principles that govern technologies and systems for reducing water inputs and increasing water productivity, and assesses the opportunities of such technologies and systems at spatial scale levels from plant to field, to irrigation system, and to agro-ecological zones. We concluded that, while increasing the productivity of irrigated rice with transpired water may require breakthroughs in breeding, many technologies can reduce water inputs at the field level and increase field-level water productivity with respect to irrigation and total water inputs. Most of them, however, come at the cost of decreased yield. More rice with less water can only be achieved when water management is integrated with (i) germplasm selection and other crop and resource management practices to increase yield, and (ii) system-level management such that the water saved at the field level is used more effectively to irrigate previously un-irrigated or low-productivity lands. The amount of water that can be saved at the system level could be far less than assumed from computations of field-level water savings because there is already a high degree of recycling and conjunctive use of water in many rice areas. The impact of reducing water inputs for rice production on weeds, nutrients, sustainability, and environmental services of rice ecosystems warrants further investigation.     

永定新河河口周围水域环境质量现状评价

从水质、沉积物、生物3个层次,分析永定新河河口周围水域环境质量现状,对水质进行有机污染评价,有些站位甚至出现重度污染。同时对沉积物进行单因子评价,沉积物质量状况较好。采用生物多样性指数法分析浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖生物,生物生存环境较差,底栖生物的尤其明显。