Effects of plant oligosaccharides derived from dragon fruit on growth,reproduction and survival of freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna

The freshwater crustacean Daphnia is widely used as live food for ornamental fish. To increase production, food supplementations are required when culturing Daphnia. Here, we aimed to clarify the effects of plant oligosaccharides derived from dragon fruit (DFO) on growth rate, egg production, number of first clutch juveniles and survival of Daphnia supplemented with five different concentrations of DFO, that is 0, 1, 3, 9, 27 mg/L. The results showed the growth and reproduction of Daphnia were enhanced when supplemented with DFO. Growth rate of Daphnia supplemented with 9 mg/L DFO was the highest among all treatments. The time that Daphnia produced the first clutch eggs was shorter in high concentration of DFO (3, 9, 27 mg/L). The number of juveniles in the first clutch increased in treatments of higher concentration of DFO (3, 9, 27 mg/L). These results suggest that plant oligosaccharides derived from dragon fruit increase growth and fecundity of Daphnia. Survival rates of Daphnia were 100% except for the treatment supplemented with 27 mg/L of DFO in which the survival rate was reduced to 87%. To our knowledge, this is the first functional evidence demonstrating that oligosaccharides derived from dragon fruit enhance growth and fecundity of Daphnia.     

三种除草剂对大型溞Daphnia magna存活、生长和繁殖的影响

为了制定除草剂在水环境中的允许浓度和排放标准,参照美国公共卫生协会等编著的《水和废水标准检验法》以及我国制定的大型溞Daphnia magna毒性测定方法,进行了丁草胺、吡嘧磺隆、苄嘧磺隆 3种稻田常用除草剂对大型溞的21 d慢性毒性试验。结果发现:随着除草剂浓度的升高,大型溞的产前发育期、产幼间隔期均缩短,每胎产幼数量先增加后减少;丁草胺各浓度处理组中,内禀增长率(rm)在0.157 2~0.314 0 d-1之间,变化较大;吡嘧磺隆各个浓度组的rm相对平稳, 为0.206 6~0.276 8 d-1;大型溞在苄嘧磺隆处理组中的rm比在其他两种除草剂中的高,为0.334 1 ~0.397 1 d-1。在丁草胺处理组中,大型溞的日生殖量较少,低于吡嘧磺隆和苄嘧磺隆处理组。     

几种杀虫剂对大型蚤的慢性毒性

主要进行了氰戊菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱和三唑磷对大型蚤的21 d 慢性毒性试验。浓度≥0.5 μg/kg的毒死蜱和≥0.05 μg/kg的高效氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯能显著延长大型蚤的第一次怀卵和产卵时间,而三唑磷在所测范围(0.05~2.0 μg/kg)内对这两项指标未产生显著影响。与第一次怀卵时间和第一次产卵时间相比,第一次产卵数、21 d产卵总数、产卵次数、内禀增长力等似乎是更为敏感的生殖毒理学指标。21 d试验结束时,毒死蜱和三唑磷对大型蚤体长变化没有显著影响,而0.025 μg/kg及以上浓度氰戊菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯显著缩短了大型蚤的体长。综合各项指标,氰戊菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱和三唑磷对大型蚤最大无影响浓度(NOEC)分别为0.005、0.005、0.01、0.05 μg/kg。相对有机磷杀虫剂而言,体长可以作为衡量菊酯类杀虫剂亚慢性毒性的一个特殊指标。将48 h急性毒性数据与NOEC相对照,求得4种杀虫剂的应用因子(AF)介于0.004~0.012之间。研究结果表明,杀虫剂通过漂移和地表径流进入水体后形成的残留量,有可能对以大型蚤为代表的水生无脊椎动物造成急性和慢性毒害。由于不同药剂之间AF值相差较大,应当通过实测而不是预测来确定特定农药对水蚤的安全浓度。