Senescence of Top Three Leaves in Field‐Grown Rice Plants

Abstract

The top three leaves play important roles in biomass production and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop since the three leaves not only assimilate majority of carbon for grain filling during ripening phase, but also provide large proportion of remobilized‐nitrogen (N) for grain development during their senescence. The objectives of this study were to (a) compare senescence of the top three leaves and (b) compare the changes in N, chlorophyll, and ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) contents of the top three leaves after their full expansion in field‐grown rice plants. When the basis of comparison among the top three leaves was plant age in terms of days after transplanting (DAT), senescence generally started earliest in ?3rd leaf, intermediate in ?2nd leaf, and latest in flag leaf. If the basis of comparison among the top three leaves was leaf age in terms of days after full leaf expansion (DAFE), it was not clear which leaf senesced earlier. Senescence rate was generally greatest in flag leaf, intermediate in ?2nd leaf, and smallest in ?3rd leaf. Ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase content declined earlier, and at a faster rate than N and chlorophyll contents during the senescence of all top three leaves. Correlation analysis indicated a close relationship between N and chlorophyll contents. Ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase content correlated with N content better than with chlorophyll content. The suitability of N, chlorophyll, and Rubisco contents for quantifying the leaf senescence of field‐grown rice plants is discussed.     

高温胁迫下银杏离体枝条叶片的叶绿素荧光特性

银杏是一种重要经济树种，随着全球气温升高，高温适应性问题已经影响了其在低纬度区域的栽培。为了探明高温胁迫对银杏叶片光合过程的影响，本研究中离体银杏枝条被置于不同温度（25 ℃、30 ℃、35 ℃、40 ℃、45 ℃）下处理，随即对其叶绿素荧光参数进行监测。 结果显示：40 ℃以上高温胁迫下，银杏叶片的光系统II（PSⅡ）潜在光化学效率（Fv/Fo）、最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）显著下降；最大荧光（Fm）、最大相对电子传递速率（rETRmax）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（Yield）、光化学淬灭系数（qP）均显著下降；而初始荧光（Fo）和非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）在40℃以上高温胁迫下显著上升。本研究表明，银杏离体枝条叶片光合作用对温度变化较敏感，推测高温可能伤害了光合机构，从而对光能的吸收、转换与光合电子传递都有显著的影响。银杏离体枝条叶片的叶绿素荧光动力学参数对高温的敏感性，可能有助于快速筛选和培育耐高温的银杏品种。     

Gas Exchange of Five Warm‐Season Grain Legumes and their Susceptibility to Heat Stress

Objective of this study was to compare the heat stress performance of four pulses from dry and hot areas (mungbeans, limabeans, and teparybeans and cowpeas) with that of soybeans. Two experiments were conducted in growth chambers, and data were pooled because results of both experiments were similar. Plants were raised up to flowering at 24/17 °C (day/night) and were then either exposed to these temperatures until maturity or stressed with 33/24 °C for 2 weeks starting at day 1 or 15 after onset of flowering (early vs. late stress). Before, during and after these stress intervals, gas exchange of representative upper leaves was examined; additionally, immediate effects of increasing leaf temperatures from 24 to 32 or 40 °C on chlorophyll fluorescence were assessed. Without heat stress rates of photosynthesis (P_n), and of transpiration (TR), stomatal and mesophyll conductance (g_s, g_m) and intrinsic transpiration efficiency (iTE) differed significantly among the five crops at each date. However, because of crop‐specific time‐courses ranking among unstressed crops was instable with time, so values were integrated or averaged over time. This procedure revealed high P_n potentials in mung‐ and teparybeans and high iTE values in limabeans compared to the other crops. Heat stress lowered P_n and g_s considerably, but increased TR in all five crops. Relative lowering of P_n during heat stress displayed a crop‐specific pattern with limabeans being least susceptible to both early and late heat stress, while cowpeas were highly susceptible to early stress. Effects on P_n were mainly attributable to lowering of g_s and only in part to g_m. The latter was supported by very small changes (<10 %) of various chlorophyll fluorescence signals shortly after raising leaf temperature to 32 °C in all species. However, in limabeans, a decreased electron transport rate (e‐rate, ?18 %) and an increased non‐photochemical quenching (Q_N, +16 %) pointed to an adaptive mechanism to avoid oxidative strains under heat. Leaf temperatures of 40 °C immediately provoked stronger changes in all fluorescence signals than 32 °C; substantial damages at 40 °C were indicated by effective quantum yield, photochemical quenching and ratio of fluorescence decrease in mungbeans and low ones in cowpeas and soybeans. Nevertheless, some adaptive responses of e‐rates and Q_N were observed in all crops and were most expressed in limabeans.     

感染烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的烟叶在显症前的荧光光谱变化

通过测试ＴＭＶ侵染叶片的叶绿素含量与荧光光谱特征的动态变化，分析影响荧光光谱的因素，在以４８０ｎｍ作为激发波长时，叶片６８５ｎｍ与７４０ｎｍ荧光强度之比（Ｆ６８５／Ｆ７４０）随着病毒侵染时间的延长而增加，叶绿素含量则随着病毒侵染时间的延长而降低，因此提出可用Ｆ６８５／Ｆ７４０与叶绿素含量之比作为ＴＭＶ早期诊断的指标。     

人工模拟高温环境下白三叶草相对生理指标测定

研究了高温胁迫条件下白三叶叶片相对含水量、膜透性、脯氨酸含量和叶绿素含量的变化规律。结果表明:25~35℃处理0.5 h后,白三叶的膜透性、脯氨酸含量逐渐上升,相对含水量、叶绿素含量逐渐下降,但幅度不大;45℃以上高温处理后,以上生理指标均有显著性大幅度的变化。与CK比较,温度每升高5℃,白三叶细胞质膜透性、脯氨酸含量平均增加50.62%、59.89%,而相对含水量、叶绿素含量分别下降34.22%、4.61%。在实验条件下,白三叶能适应35℃的高温,40~45℃为其忍耐高温的临界温度范围,50℃为致死温度上限。     

Studies of clomazone mode of action

Intact spinach chloroplasts were used to determine if clomazone, 5-OH clomazone, and/or 5-keto clomazone inhibited the chloroplastic isoprenoid pathway. When isopentenyl pyrophosphate was used as a precursor, neither clomazone nor the clomazone metabolites (5-OH clomazone and 5-keto clomazone) inhibited the formation of products separated by HPLC in the organic phase. However, when pyruvate, a substrate for the first committed step of the pathway, was used as a precursor, both 5-keto clomazone and fosmidomycin reduced the formation of a non-polar product and increased the formation of a polar product in the organic phase. Only 5-keto clomazone, not 5-OH clomazone or clomazone, inhibited the formation of an additional product other than fosmidomycin in the aqueous phase from pyruvate incorporation. In an in vitro assay, 5-keto clomazone inhibited DXP synthase, the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step of the chloroplastic isoprenoid pathway. Therefore, our studies show that neither clomazone nor 5-OH clomazone inhibits the chloroplastic isoprenoid pathway, only 5-keto clomazone does.     

盘叶忍冬与台尔曼忍冬夏季主要光合特性的比较

 研究了盘叶忍冬及台尔曼忍冬夏季的主要光合特性。结果表明: 台尔曼忍冬单叶叶面积较大,但比叶重小, 单位面积的色素含量较低。盘叶忍冬的光饱和光合速率和气孔导度均显著低于台尔曼忍冬,两者的光饱和点分别为400μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}和1 200μmol·m ^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}左右。此外, 二者的净光合速率日变化均为单峰曲线, 峰值分别出现在8: 00和10: 00。在本研究中两种忍冬的最大光化学效率差异较小, 但中等和强光条件下盘叶忍冬的实际光化学效率显著低于台尔曼忍冬, 而非光化学猝灭显著高于台尔曼忍冬。根据以上试验结果, 在我国北方露地栽培过程中台尔曼忍冬较盘叶忍冬对光照强度的适应幅度宽, 所以前者可应用于开阔地、林缘及疏林下的绿化, 而后者适于栽种在林下等较荫蔽的环境中。     

大白菜游离小孢子培养胚胎发生中的加倍机制

 利用Leica体视显微镜, DAPI荧光染色观察比较大白菜小孢子正常发育为成熟花粉粒与游离小孢子培养胚胎发生细胞核的分裂方式, 探讨大白菜游离小孢子培养胚胎发生及其自然加倍的机理。观察结果显示以B途径为主要发育途径的大白菜小孢子, 胚胎发生的启动机制是热激诱导下单倍体小孢子体积膨大, 染色体发生自然加倍, 从而激发小孢子进入孢子体发育途径; 大白菜小孢子胚再生植株具有较高的自然加倍率, 这与小孢子培养热激诱导激发小孢子单核自然加倍为二倍体密切相关。     

遮阴对丰香草莓光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以盆栽丰香草莓为材料,研究了遮阴处理对草莓光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,遮阴处理增加草莓叶柄长度、叶面积以及光合色素含量,但降低了比叶重;遮阴处理显著降低草莓叶片的羧化效率(CE)、暗呼吸(Rd)、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP),提高了其表观量子效率(AQY)和CO2补偿点(CCP)。遮阴后草莓Pn日变化由“双峰”型变为“单峰”型,日光合总量显著低于对照,早晚时分水分利用率(WUE)有所下降。遮阴后,叶片气孔导度(Gs)提高,蒸腾速率(Tr)下降,可能与叶面温度下降有关。叶绿素荧光动力学测定显示,遮阴处理草莓叶片的初始荧光(Fo)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)日变化曲线与对照相似,但Fo值始终低于对照,Fv/Fm值显著高于对照。以上参数表明丰香草莓对弱光环境有一定的适应能力,遮阴处理可以减轻强光下的草莓叶片光抑制程度,提高植株对光能的利用能力,但同时也需要注意提高环境中CO2浓度。