A new device for monitoring the activity of freely swimming flatfish, Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

ABSTRACT:   The tail beat and activity behavior of four captive Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus , were monitored with acceleration data-loggers while the fish swam in an aquarium. Depth, swimming speeds and two-axis acceleration data were collected continuously for approximately 20 h per fish. Simultaneously, the swimming behaviors of the fish were filmed at different angles. Using the specific characteristic of the acceleration profiles, in tandem with other types of data (e.g. speed and depth), four behavioral patterns could be distinguished: (i) 'active' swimming; (ii) burying patterns; (iii) 'inactive' gliding; and (iv) lying on the bottom. Tail beat frequency ranged from 1.65 ± 0.47 to 2.04 ± 0.25 Hz (mean ± SD; n  = 4). Using the relationship between tail beat frequency and swimming speed, the 'preferred' swimming speed of the fish was estimated to be between 0.6 and 1.2 body lengths (BL)/s. Additionally, fish rarely swam faster than 1.2 BL/s. This study shows that the acceleration data-loggers represent a useful and reliable system for accurately recording the tail beat of free-ranging fish and estimating flatfish behavior.     

Effects of Water Velocity on Conditioning of Summer Flounder,Paralichthys dentatus,for Net Pens

Abstract

Attempts to rear summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, in net pens have suffered from high mortality during the month after fish were transferred from a nursery facility to pens. We investigated whether exposing summer flounder to increased (and constant) current velocity in the nursery stage would condition them for better performance in cages. Three experiments were conducted with different water velocities in tanks, using fish of 124±4 g (exposed to 0, 15, or 30 cm/sec for 60 d), 257±12 g (exposed to 0, 20, or 40 cm/sec for 60 d) and 387±13 g (exposed to 0, 15, or 30 cm/sec for 30 d), in a raceway system with adjustable paddlewheels. For all of the size groups of fish, survival was significantly reduced at the highest current velocity. For both 124-g and 257-g fish, growth in the medium-velocity treatment was significantly better than that in the control (0 cm/sec) treatment, which in turn was better than that in the high-velocity treatment. For 387-g fish, growth at medium velocity was significantly greater than that at high velocity; control fish were lost due to a system malfunction. Food consumption data from the 257-g fish showed that the fish in medium velocity grew most because they consumed significantly more food during the experiment than did fish in the control, which in turn consumed significantly more than fish in high velocity. Similarly, 387-g fish in medium velocity consumed the most food, but the difference was not significant in this case. At the end of the laboratory experiment with 124-g fish, fish from the control and medium-velocity treatments were moved to cages in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, where currents of about 1 knot (approx. 55 cm/second) are routine. After three weeks in the cages, no significant differences in survival were observed (control = 83±12%; medium velocity = 81±2%). Subsequent damage to some of the cages and escapement of the fish precluded further statistical analysis of survival, as well as any growth measurements. At the end of the laboratory experiment with 387-g fish, fish from medium- and high-velocity treatments were moved to the cages; however, survival in this case was very low (<10% in all cages), perhaps due to heavy waves from an offshore hurricane. We conclude that current velocities of 15-20 cm/second in the nursery improve growth of juvenile summer flounder, that current velocities of 30-40 cm/second are excessive, but that increased current velocity in the nursery does not improve fish survival upon transfer to cages.     

注射LHRH-A对雌性石鲽血浆E_2含量的影响

采用放射免疫测定方法（RIA）测定石鲽（Kareius bicoloratus）生殖季节血浆雌二醇（estradiol）含量,观察注射外源激素促黄体激素释放激素类似物（LHRH-A）后血浆E2含量变动。结果表明,注射LHRH-A后6 h血浆E2水平显著升高,12 h显著下降,24 h略有下降,48 h回升但尚未达到处理前水平;对照组血浆E2含量在注射生理盐水（PS）后6 h显著下降,12 h、24 h持续下降,48 h略有回升但低于处理组。说明LHRH-A能有效促进血浆E2的产生和释放,但E2的产生和释放会受到环境胁迫和在实验过程中产生的操作胁迫作用的影响。     

不同抗冻剂对牙鲆胚胎毒性研究以及玻璃化颗粒冷冻保存方法的应用

以牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)不同发育期胚胎为实验材料,研究了7种渗透性和5种非渗透性抗冻剂对牙鲆尾芽期和心跳期胚胎的毒性,同时对玻璃化液在不同胚胎发育期的毒性作用,以及玻璃化颗粒冷冻过程中,冷冻颗粒降温和解冻的时间进行了研究。结果表明,单一渗透性抗冻剂对牙鲆胚胎的毒性随着抗冻剂浓度的升高、平衡时间的延长而提高,其毒性由大到小依次为乙二醇(EG)、酒精(EtOH)、甘油(Gly)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、甲醇(MeOH)、1,2-丙二醇(PG)。非渗透性抗冻剂中聚乙烯吡咯酮(PVP)对牙鲆尾芽期胚胎的毒性最强,其次是蔗糖和D果糖,葡聚糖和葡萄糖毒性最弱。在总体积分数一定的情况下,PG、MeOH与DMSO体积比为9∶6∶5的混合抗冻剂对牙鲆尾芽期胚胎毒性最低;各发育期胚胎经过玻璃化液平衡后,尾芽期以前胚胎的成活率随胚胎发育期逐渐升高,心跳期以后逐渐降低,尾芽期和心跳期成活率最高。含胚胎的玻璃化颗粒冷冻降温时间最短为15.09 s,解冻时间最短为6.22 s;而不含胚胎的玻璃化颗粒冷冻降温和解冻时间分别为(13.83±1.86)s和(7.20±0.90)s。将PG、MeOH与DMSO按体积比9∶6∶5配成总体积分数为35%的混合溶液,再添加5%的蔗糖配制成玻璃化液,采用此玻璃化颗粒冷冻方法对173粒牙鲆尾芽期至心跳期胚胎进行超低温冷冻保存,解冻后共获得4粒成活胚胎。     

Predator–prey size relationship in siphon cropping between the juvenile stone flounder Platichthys bicoloratus and the bivalve Nuttallia olivacea

ABSTRACT:   The purpose of the present paper was to examine the size relationship between the juvenile stone flounder Platichthys bicoloratus and the bivalve Nuttallia olivacea , the siphon of which is important prey for the juvenile flounder. Juvenile stone flounder feed mainly on tips of the inhalant siphon of the bivalve. The maximum width of siphon tips in the stomach contents of age-0 fish could not reach that of age-1 fish, although the siphons in age-0 fish became larger as they grew. This size discrepancy indicated a limitation in the size of bivalves available to juveniles. The proportion of total cropping frequency for the siphon of the bivalve by juveniles was estimated according to the bivalve size class. Most bivalves that had cropped siphon tips ranged from 5 to 30 mm in shell length. The total cropping frequency per bivalve was particularly intense on bivalves of 10–25 mm shell length in spite of their small proportion of 24.9% of the total. This frequency intensity indicated that the size of bivalves with cropped siphons by juvenile stone flounder might depend on the ability of juveniles rather than the size composition of the bivalves.     

琼氏不动杆菌形态型Ⅰ的主要性状及系统发育分析

从以败血症感染为特征的石鲽(KareiusbicoloratusL.)中,检出了原发感染的杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonassalmonicida),同时还在个别病死鱼中检出了作为继发感染的另一种病原菌。经对6株纯培养菌在形态特征、理化特性等方面的鉴定,表明其为不动杆菌属(AcinetobacterBrisouand Pr啨vot1954)的琼氏不动杆菌(A.juniiBouvetandGrimont1986),但该菌表现在普通营养琼脂培养基28℃培养呈典型形态特征、在37℃培养时出现异常形态;择一个代表菌株(HQ010320B1株)送中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC)予以复核鉴定与分类定名,鉴定为琼氏不动杆菌新形态型菌株并定名为琼氏不动杆菌形态型Ⅰ(AcinetobacterjuniimorphovarⅠ)。同时又择代表菌株(HQ010320B1株)进行了16SrRNA基因序列测定及系统发育分析,其基因序列长度为1427bp(在GenBank登录号为AY787213),与检索出的不动杆菌属细菌序列同源性均在97%～99%。构建了系统发育树。     

石鲽、牙鲆精子冷冻保存研究及其在人工杂交中的应用

对石鲽(Kareius bicoloratus )和牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)精子冷冻保存技术进行了研究,筛选到一个优良的稀释液MPRS,用MPRS冷冻保存石鲽、牙鲆精子,冻后成活率在70%以上。在石鲽冻精和牙鲆卵的杂交实验中,杂交组受精率是 28 4%±4 55(n=3),孵化率是 42 7%±7 35(n=3),胚胎发育正常;5 000尾杂交鱼苗有102尾成功度过变态期。在牙鲆冻精和大菱鲆卵的杂交实验中,杂交组的受精率只有2 7%,部分受精卵虽能孵化出膜,但仔鱼全为畸形。这两个杂交实验,特别是石鲽冻精和牙鲆卵的杂交实验,证实了冷冻保存的精子完全可以应用在杂交育种工作中。