萝芙木人工繁殖研究进展

萝芙木是一种重要的药用植物,从其根中提制的生物碱利血平具有良好的降压和镇静效果。萝芙木的市场需求大,野生资源日益减少,自然状态下繁殖率低,大规模人工繁殖和栽培萝芙木是解决问题的关键。该试验从种子育苗、营养繁殖和组织培养3个方面对萝芙木的人工繁殖技术进行了介绍,指出传统育苗与现代生物技术相结合是解决萝芙木种苗短缺的有效途径。     

Floral induction (FI) in longan (Dimocarpus longan, Lour.) trees. III: Effect of shading the trees on potassium chlorate induced FI and resulting hormonal changes in leaves and shoots

Previous experiments demonstrated that treatment of longan trees with potassium chlorate (KClO₃) induces “off season floral induction” (FI) even in the absence of the naturally required cool temperature [Manochai, P., Sruamsiri, P., Wiriya-alongkorn, W., Naphrom, D., Hegele, M., Bangerth, F., 2005. Year around off season flower induction in longan (Dimocarpus longan, Lour.) trees by KClO₃ applications: potentials and problems. Sci. Hortic. 104, 379–390]. Potassium chlorate, however, cannot replace the presence of functional mature leaves and sufficient light intensity. Here we examined in more detail the effect of shade (about 10% of natural sunlight) on KClO₃ affected hormone concentrations/transport of leaves and shoot apical buds (SAB) and their interactions with FI.     

菜心游离小孢子培养高频胚诱导培养基优化

【目的】对菜心小孢子培养的诱导培养基进行优化,以提高胚胎诱导率,创制优良DH系应用于育种实践。【方法】设置不同蔗糖浓度和激素(6-BA和NAA)浓度组合的NLN诱导培养基,以10份不同基因型的菜心为试材,进行小孢子培养及出胚率分析,筛选最佳诱导培养基。【结果】7份材料诱导出胚状体,不同基因型间的胚胎诱导率差异显著,说明基因型是影响小孢子形成的主要因素;在无激素处理中,100 g/L蔗糖浓度NLN(NLN-10)小孢子胚诱导率最高,出胚材料诱导率在3.45～30.46胚/皿;NLN含量减半的1/2 NLN-10培养基处理出胚率约为NLN-10处理的2/3;130 g/L蔗糖浓度NLN处理出胚率显著降低,最高仅为14胚/皿,蔗糖浓度为160 g/L的NLN(NLN-16)处理未出现胚状体;在NLN-10中分别添加0.1 mg/L 6-BA和NAA,促进出胚效果最佳,出胚率最高的 Rt19006达46.93胚/皿,是不添加激素处理的1.5倍;当NLN-10 中6-BA和NAA浓度均达到0.2 mg/L时,胚胎生长发育受到抑制。【结论】筛选出可有效促进菜心小孢子出胚的诱导培养基配方,即100 g/L蔗糖浓度的NLN+6-BA 0.10 mg/L +NAA 0.10 mg/L。     

Use of an electromagnetic technique to determine sodicity in saline-sodic soils

Soil sodicity is an increasing problem in arid‐land irrigated soils that decreases soil permeability and crop production and increases soil erosion. The first step towards the control of sodic soils is the accurate diagnosis of the severity and spatial extent of the problem. Rapid identification and large‐scale mapping of sodium‐affected land will help to improve sodicity management. We evaluated the effectiveness of electromagnetic induction (EM) measurements in identifying, characterizing and mapping the spatial variability of sodicity in five saline‐sodic agricultural fields in Navarre (Spain). Each field was sampled at three 30‐cm soil depth increments at 10–30 sites for a total of 267 soil samples. The number of Geonics‐EM38 measurements in each field varied between 161 and 558, for a total of 1258 ECa (apparent electrical conductivity) readings. Multiple linear regression models established for each field predicted the average profile ECe (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract) and SAR (sodium adsorption ratio of the saturation extract) from ECa. Despite the lack of a direct causal relationship between ECa and SAR, EM measurements can be satisfactorily used for characterizing the spatial distribution of soil sodicity if ECe and SAR are significantly auto‐correlated. These results provide ancillary support for using EM measurements to indirectly characterize the spatial distribution of saline‐sodic soils. More research is needed to elucidate the usefulness of EM measurements in identifying soil sodicity in a wider range of salt and/or sodium‐affected soils.     

浅议居住区人工湿地设计的几个问题

通过对国内居住区人工湿地进行分析,指出国内居住区人工湿地设计存在植物配植不够合理、冬季保温措施不当及后期管理养护不力等问题,并针对问题提出了相应的改进措施。     

我国不同类型人工牧地生产力的比较研究

各类人工牧地的生物生产力依次为热性中生型>热性旱生型>暖温性中生型>寒温性中生型>寒温性旱生型。就营养生产力而言,代谢能、消化能、粗蛋白、粗纤维、无氮浸出物、总粗养分和粗灰分以热性中生型人工牧地最高,寒温性旱生型人工牧地的各项营养生产力均为最低。中生型与旱生型比较,其生物生产力和营养生产力皆为前者明显高于后者。与天然牧地比较,在各类有机营养物质中,各类人工牧地的粗蛋白生产力提高幅度最大。     

EM38在黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化快速检测中的应用研究

针对目前黄河三角洲地区存在的土壤盐渍障碍问题,以该地区典型地块为研究对象,电磁感应仪EM38检测与田间采样相结合,分析土壤电导率的剖面分布特征,建立磁感式表观电导率与土壤电导率间的回归模型,并对运用电磁感应仪EM38划分土壤盐渍剖面类型进行探讨。结果表明:研究区表层土壤盐分具有较强的表聚性与变异强度,剖面各土层电导率间存在着关联性;土壤电导率与磁感表观电导率EMh、EMv间呈极显著的相关关系和对数相关关系,EMh对浅层土壤电导率的解译精度较高,对深层土壤电导率、EMv的解译精度要高于EMh;利用电磁感应仪EM38可将研究区土壤盐渍剖面准确划分为表聚型、底聚型与均匀型三种类型,其中表聚型与底聚型是研究区最主要的盐渍剖面类型,进一步的统计分析证明了采用电磁感应仪EM38对土壤盐渍剖面的分类结果具有较高的精度与可信度。该结果对研究黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化的发生机理、预测与评估该地区土壤盐渍化的发生发展具有重要参考意义。     

芝麻不同品种对空间诱变的敏感性及生物效应研究初报

５个纯合芝麻种质材料搭载我国发射的第１７颗返地式卫星空间处理１５ｄ后，Ｍ０种子外部性状与未处理对照间无明显变化，Ｍ１表现出叶形、育性等外部形态性状变异，品种间敏感性不同。     

夜温对蝴蝶兰成花诱导的研究

在智能化温室内,通过盆栽试验,采用指标测量、方差分析、多重比较等方法得出:适宜的夜温在蝴蝶兰花芽分化中起着非常重要的作用,18℃是花芽分化的最佳夜温。虽然夜温在15℃时,花茎抽出最早,但花茎萌发率比18℃夜温处理低6个百分点,花苞数平均少1.8个;而18℃夜温处理的蝴蝶兰花茎萌发率比22℃处理高14个百分点,花苞数平均高3个。     

植被培育抗旱分析

随着气候的演变,植被培育面临严峻的干旱缺水形势。为进一步增强抗旱的主动性和有效性,主要以作物栽培为背景,重点论述了有关抗旱的基础问题。通过分析干旱的特点、表现形式、区域差异、相对性、降水和灌溉水的利用状况、应对干旱的策略等,以明晰抗旱的依据。认为土壤水分亏缺是干旱的主要表征;土壤干旱的滞后性,也即和大气干旱的非同步性,是抗旱的一个重要依据。通过对抗旱途径的讨论,细分出避旱、御旱二个方面,并且认为御旱应当是正常的生产方式。抗旱具有高效、节约用水的特征,直接抗旱和间接抗旱都是必要的。最后,还补充阐述了水文干旱、降水资源化利用的意义。