转反义TRX s基因对小麦萌发过程中储藏蛋白降解的影响

以转反义TRX s基因豫麦18和对照（豫麦18）为试材，测定了小麦种子萌发过程中胚乳内thiocalsin、苹果酸脱氢酶、谷丙转氨酶的活性以及游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明，反义TRX s基因的导入能够增加对thiocalsin和苹果酸脱氢酶的抑制，降低其活性，使储存蛋白更难于被降解，谷丙转氨酶增高的速度减慢，种子氨基酸代谢减弱。说明蛋白质代谢缓慢是转反义TRX s基因小麦抗穗发芽的一个主要原因。     

转Bt基因棉杀虫蛋白含量时空分布及对棉铃虫产生抗性的影响

采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法（酶链免疫法）、室内初孵棉铃虫生测法和田间棉铃虫为害调查方法，研究和分析了中国构建的 Ｂｔ（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ）基因抗虫棉品系ＧＫ３和美国构建的Ｂｔ基因棉品系新棉３３Ｂ的不同生育期以及花铃期不同器官的杀虫蛋白含量、校正死亡率和田间受害率变化趋势以及它们之间的关系。结果表明，转Ｂｔ基因棉Ｂｔ杀虫蛋白含量在棉花生育过程中呈时空动态变化，在时间分布上，各生育期顶尖平展叶表现为：初花期＞蕾期、花铃期＞苗期＞吐絮期；在花铃期，各器官表现为：功能叶、茎尖＞小蕾、幼铃＞花蕊、花瓣、苞叶、老叶。室内生测幼虫校正死亡率与棉株Ｂｔ杀虫蛋白含量高度一致；田间表现与Ｂｔ杀虫蛋白含量有一定的差异，除主要受Ｂｔ杀虫蛋白影响外，棉铃虫取食选择性，以及残存高龄幼虫为害和棉株各部位营养结构等也影响其抗虫性，造成后期棉铃虫主要为害花、蕾和幼铃，两材料抗虫性表现较为一致。     

Genetic improvement of yield of nitrogen of Lolium perenne pastures

Summary Four varieties of Lolium perenne with similar flowering dates bred over a 30 year period were grown in an orthogonal plot trial with two contrasting harvesting frequencies and three levels of fertiliser (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 t/ha of N annually). In the second harvest year, the nitrogen (N) content of herbage at each harvest was determined and the yields of N calculated. The newest variety (Ba 10761) gave a 20% higher mean annual yield of N than the oldest (S.321). The influence of variety in increasing the ratio of N recovered: N applied was as great or greater than the influence of harvesting frequency or level of applied N. There were small differences between varieties in N content (%N), N content being inversely related to N yield.     

A Possible Association Between Heading Time and the GM-A2 Locus in Bread Wheat

A line without expression (null form) o: the α-gliadins controlled by the 6A chromosome was found when screening electrosboretically single seeds of the bread wheat ‘Raeder’. Differences in heading time were also observed between this null line and the normal one. A linkage between 6A gliadin genes and heading time gene(s) is hypothesized.     

Glu-1位点缺失对小麦麦谷蛋白聚合体粒度分布及面团特性的影响

以Glu-1位点正常和部分缺失的小麦品系为材料,探讨HMW-GS和LMW-GS组成与谷蛋白聚合体粒度分布和面团特性的关系,为利用HMW-GS缺失系改良小麦品质提供理论依据。在20个供试硬白冬麦品系中,1个品系为Glu-A1位点缺失,5个品系为Glu-D1缺失,3个品系为Glu-A1和Glu-D1双缺失。所有品系的蛋白质含量皆较高(13.39%~14.12%),品系间无显著差异,缺失系与非缺失系间也无显著差异。Glu-1位点缺失显著降低了高分子量谷蛋白/低分子量谷蛋白比(HMW/LMW)、不溶性谷蛋白大聚体的含量和百分比。谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比(GLU/GLI)在基因型间变幅较小,且在缺失系和非缺失系间无显著差异。Glu-1位点缺失显著降低了面团弹性,但显著提高了面团的延展性。部分Glu-1位点缺失系仍具有较高的面团强度和突出的延展性,谷蛋白聚合体粒度分布和面团特性受谷蛋白亚基组成和表达量的共同影响。研究结果表明,利用Glu-1位点亚基缺失可能是改善面筋延展性,提高食品加工品质的方法之一。     

重庆村镇空气源热泵供暖系统夜间性能实测分析

针对重庆山地村镇迫切的供暖需求,选取该地区典型村镇搭建了空气源热泵供暖系统实验平台,分析了空气源热泵系统性能影响因素,并从供回水温度、系统耗电量、供热量、性能系数COP等角度对运行过程中的阶段特性(启动、稳定运行及全阶段)进行阐述,发现系统在3个阶段特点差异很大：启动阶段初始温度对COP影响较为明显,除霜时系统性能下降25%;稳定阶段特性与初始温度无关,室外条件较好时,降低设定温度,COP提高明显;总体来看,启动阶段COP最高,全阶段次之,稳定阶段COP最低。     

荞麦种子蛋白质组分分析

研究了不同品种荞麦种子中蛋白质组分情况，结果表明：养麦种子蛋白质主要由清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白构成。而不同类型蛋白质在总蛋白质中所占比例有明显差异，清蛋白是荞麦种子中的主要蛋白质，占总蛋白质含量的71．4％左右，其中以平荞最高。醇溶蛋白在荞麦种子总蛋白中所占比例较小，平均约为7．4％，榆养2号最高。球蛋白和谷蛋白所占比例非常接近，其中球蛋白平均约占9．1％，最高为日本大粒养。谷蛋白大约占总蛋白的12．1％，以京养1号最高。     

The use of grain protein deviation for identifying wheat cultivars with high grain protein concentration and yield

The relationship between grain protein concentration and grain yield in different cultivars of winter wheat was examined in a series of field experiments carried out over three years, in which 13, 12 and 8 cultivars were studied in each year, respectively. The plants were grown at sites located in Shropshire, west-central England, in years 1 and 2, and at three other locations in eastern England in year 3. Above ground plant samples were collected at an thesis and again at maturity, when they were separated into grain and straw, and analysed for dry matter and N content. Analysis of residuals from regression of grain protein concentration on grain yield (grain protein deviation, GPD) showed that some cultivars had a higher grain protein concentration than was predicted from grain yield alone. It was deduced that the capacity to accumulate a higher grain protein concentration than predicted from grain yield is under genetic control and thus may be improved through breeding. Other factors (weight of N accumulated in the biomass at anthesis, weight of N accumulated in the biomass between anthesis and maturity and the concentration of N remaining in the straw at maturity) were added step-wise into the regression to enable statistical analysis of their relative contributions to grain protein. High GPD may be achieved through increased N accumulation after anthesis, combined with efficient re-translocation of vegetative N reserves. The use of GPD provides a selection criteria in wheat breeding programs to screen for increased grain protein concentration without a concurrent grain yield reduction. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development of new sources of cytoplasmic male-sterile lines in rice

Two male-sterile lines, KalashreeA and PadminiA, with a Miz.21 cytoplasm source were developed through indica/indica hybridization followed by repeated backcrossing with their respective recurrent male parents (Kalashree and Padmini) up to the BC₆ generation. These two cytoplasmic male-sterile lines are suitable for use in the development of hybrids for lowland situations owing to their intermediate to semi-tall stature, late flowering duration, good grain quality and easy fertility restoration ability.     

Vegetative protein and its relation to grain protein in high and low grain protein winter wheats

Summary Better understanding of the physiological and genetic basis of wheat grain protein will contribute to breeding efforts for this characteristic. This study provides information about plant protein distribution in high and low grain protein winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) at different growth stages and its relation to grain protein. Field experiments involved two winter wheats with high grain protein, Redwin and Lancota, and two with low grain protein, Centurk and Brule in two years. Protein content in the head, the upper three leaves, the first and second leaf, and the peduncle were estimated with Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrophotometer (NIR) at five growth stages. High protein cultivars had higher leaf protein at ripe and higher protein content in the heads at most growth stages than low grain protein cultivars. High protein cultivars had lower protein content in the peduncle than low protein cultivars at ripe. Correlation coefficients between plant-part protein and grain protein ranged from 0.48 to 0.87 for the heads, from –0.45 to –0.79 for the peduncle, and from 0.55 to 0.84 for the leaves. A combination of head, peduncle, and first leaf protein at heading was significantly related to grain protein (R²=0.71). Indirect selection for head, peduncle, and first leaf (flag leaf) protein at heading should result in increased grain protein. Recurrent selection for increased grain protein, with parent selectionbefore anthesis and hybridization should be successful.