大麦耐铝毒机理及遗传改良研究进展

综述了大麦酸铝毒害及其遗传改良研究进展。大麦铝毒害的首要症状是根系的生长发育受阻 ,根系微观结构改变 ,其机制可能包括 :铝引起细胞死亡、缺乏细胞壁合成底物、铝影响DNA合成以及矿质元素吸收等几个方面。大麦可以通过增加根际分泌物如有机酸、多肽等螯合根际铝 ,也可提高根际 pH使铝沉淀 ,减弱铝毒性 ,对进入细胞内的铝也可通过与铝形成无毒的复合物 ,或将铝主动运入液泡中 ,解除内部铝毒。对大麦的遗传研究表明 ,大麦耐铝性是由单基因控制 ,耐铝性不同的品种分别是由多基因座控制。利用苏木精染色等方法已鉴定出一些耐铝材料 ,通过突变体筛选已获得了一些抗铝的大麦品种。运用分子生物学技术 ,有望将小麦耐铝基因导入大麦 ,显著提高大麦耐铝毒的能力     

Effects of vegetation type on soil resistance to erosion: Relationship between aggregate stability and shear strength

Soil water erosion and shallow landslides depend on aggregate stability and soil shear strength. We investigated the effect of vegetation on both soil aggregate stability and shear strength (through direct shear tests) in former croplands converted to vegetated erosion protection areas within the context of China's sloping land conversion programme. Four treatments were analysed in plots comprised of (i) 4 year old crop trees, Vernicia fordii, where understory vegetation was removed; (ii) V. fordii and the dominant understory species Artemisia codonocephala; (iii) only A. codonocephala and (iv) no vegetation. Soil samples were taken at depths of 0–5 cm and 45–50 cm. Root length density (RLD) in five diameter classes was measured, soil organic carbon (SOC), hot water extractable carbon (HWEC), texture and Fe and Al oxides were also measured. We found that mean weight diameter after slow wetting (MWD_SW) in the A-horizon, was significantly greater (0.94–1.01 mm) when A. codonocephala was present compared to plots without A. codonocephala (0.57–0.59 mm). SOC and RLD in the smallest diameter class (< 0.5 mm), were the variables which best explained variability in MWD_SW. A significant positive linear relationship existed between MWD_SW and soil cohesion but not with internal angle of friction. As herbaceous vegetation was more efficient than trees in improving aggregate stability, this result suggests that the mechanisms involved include modifications of the cohesive forces between soil particles adjacent to plant roots and located in the enriched in SOC rhizosphere, thus also affecting shear strength of the corresponding soil volume. Thus, vegetation stabilised soil under different hierarchical levels of aggregate organisation, i.e. intra- and inter-aggregate. Our results have implications for the efficacy of techniques used in land conversion programs dedicated to control of soil erosion and shallow landslides. We suggest that mixtures of different plant functional types would improve soil conservation on slopes, by reducing both surface water erosion and shallow substrate mass movement. Planting trees for cropping or logging, and removing understory vegetation is most likely detrimental to soil conservation.     

铝胁迫对龙眼叶和根细胞超微结构的影响

用扫描电镜、透射电镜、荧光显微镜研究铝胁迫对龙眼叶、根超微结构的影响。结果表明 ,铝胁迫造成龙眼叶片超微结构的破坏。其中最明显的变化是叶绿体的破坏 ,表现为叶绿体膜系统受损加重 ,基粒片层扭曲紊乱 ;其次是细胞壁的降解 ,细胞之间间隙变小 ,部分液泡膜破裂 ,液泡消失 ;线粒体膜系统受到破坏 ,嵴数量明显减少甚至消失。铝胁迫下龙眼根端膨大 ,根尖变粗变短 ,从外表皮到中柱出现不同程度的龟裂 ,且随铝浓度的提高 ,这种伤害程度不断加重 ;根伸长区细胞细胞壁发生降解 ,细胞间距变小 ;膜系统遭到破坏 ,核膜、线粒体膜破裂 ;细胞中淀粉粒明显减少 ,甚至消失 ;根尖分生组织细胞核变形 ,细胞核数量大大减少。     

铁锅外表面局部热浸渗铝工艺研究

本文根据热浸渗铝法,可有效提高金属表面抗氧化能力,我们对“低碳钢板热冲压成型铁锅外表面进行局部热浸渗铝”的工艺,进行了探讨和研究,经产品试制和质量检验,取得了较好的结果。     

Effects of Aluminum on ATPase Activity and Lipid Composition of Plasma Membranes from Wheat Roots

The effects of aluminum on ATPase activity and lipid composition of the plasma membranes isolated from root tips of Al-tolerant (Altas 66) or Al-sensitive (Scout 66) cultivar of Triticum aestivum L.was assayed. The results showed that both cultivars had similar changes in H+ -ATPase and Ca2+ -ATPase activities after aluminum treatment. Exposure of both cultivars to 20 and 100 (mol/L aluminum for 5 d significantly decreased the activities of Ca2+ -ATPase of plasma membranes. The activities of H+-ATPasc in plasma membrane increased under 20 μmol/L aluminum and decreased at 100 μmol/L aluminum. With aluminum treatment, the PL content of plasma membrane decreased, but GL content increased. The ratio of PL to GL decreased more distinctly in Scout 66 than that in Altas 66. Treated with 20 and 100 μmol/L aluminum, linolenic acid content and the index of unsaturated fatty acids decreaced greatly in Scout 66, but the index of unsaturated fatty acids in Altas 66 increased slightly.     

Aluminum contents of the edible portions of the winged bean,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. (Fabaceae): Field study and caveat

The winged bean,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC has been widely recognised as a potentially useful source of protein for tropical regions of the world. A neglected aspect of the plants nutritional quality has been the reporting of the accumulation of aluminum (Al) in the edible parts of the plant; the leaves, pods, seeds and tubers. The accumulation of Al in the plant on acidic tropical soils and the implication of Al to human health problems further justified the inclusion of Al in nutritional analysis. Field experiments on two varieties of the winged bean, the USDA-releaseHi-Flyer and an unnamed variety from the Phillipines, showed that all edible portions of the plant accumulate Al from high to very high levels when compared to an average of usually less than 300 ppm in other crop plants. Aluminum accumulation is generally highest in the youngest tissues particularly in the young roots with levels recorded as high as 25,000 ppm and these contents are as high as levels for recognised Al accumulators such as the leaves ofPinus and tea. Future improvement breeding programs for the winged bean will necessarily require identifying and taking advantage of possible variation in Al accumulation between varieties.     

Proton alleviation of growth inhibition by toxic metals (Al, La, Cu) in rhizobia

Free-living rhizobia are sensitive to soils and artificial media that are acidic. Both excessive H⁺ and Al released from acid-soluble minerals appear to be toxic. The complex, heterotrophic nutrient requirements of rhizobia and the joint occurrence of Al³⁺ and hydroxo-, sulphato-, phosphato-, fluoro-, and other Al species have prevented a precise attribution of toxicity to the Al species. In the present study, a medium composed of 0.3 mM MgSO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂, and 10 mM sucrose (the basal medium) enabled a 1000-fold cell increase at pH 4.6 or above. Additions of 1 μM AlCl₃ to the basal medium were highly intoxicating, especially at higher pH: below pH 5.0 cell numbers increased slightly; at pH 5.0 cell numbers did not change from the inoculum; at higher pH values the cell numbers declined. Similar trends were observed for La³⁺ and Cu²⁺ intoxication. Uptake of methylene blue, a positively charged dye useful as a probe of cell-surface electrical potential, was inhibited by pH reductions between pH 3.5 and 6.0. Factors that decrease cell-surface negativity (such as lower pH) reduce the intoxication by cations in plant roots, but the pH responsiveness of the rhizobia in our system was much greater than the pH responsiveness of plants. Although plant-root intoxication by mononuclear hydroxo-Al species has been discounted, rhizobia may be sensitive to those species. These results have implications for the management of rhizobia in acidic soils and for the development of resistant strains.     

模拟酸雨对红壤中铝和水溶性有机质溶出及重金属活动性的影响

在模拟酸雨作用下 ,研究了重金属污染和未污染的酸性红壤和黄红壤中铝和水溶性有机质的溶出以及对重金属活动性的影响。结果表明 ,随模拟酸雨pH值下降 ,土壤pH值和盐基饱和度明显降低 ,而交换性酸度明显增加 ,污染土壤中交换性氢含量比未污染土壤高 ,而交换性铝含量比未污染土壤低。铝溶出量与模拟酸雨pH值密切相关 ,当模拟酸雨pH值在 5 .60～ 3.5 0时 ,供试红壤浸出液中铝浓度几乎在同一水平 ;当pH≥ 4 .5 0时 ,供试黄红壤中溶出铝亦未明显变化 ;当模拟酸雨pH =3.5 0时 ,未污染黄红壤中铝溶出明显增多 ;当pH =3.0 0时 ,供试土壤中铝溶出量急剧增加。随模拟酸雨pH值下降 ,污染土壤中铝溶出比未污染土壤低 ,而有效态重金属活动性明显增加 ;污染土壤中水溶性有机质比未污染土壤溶出明显增加 ,水溶性有机质 -重金属络合体促进了重金属的溶解迁移行为。     

过量表达Trxs对铝胁迫下转基因大麦幼苗根系抗氧化酶系的影响

为了解硫氧还蛋白的过量表达对提高植物抗铝毒能力的作用,以过量表达硫氧还蛋白S基因(Trxs)的转基因大麦为材料,采用水培法研究0.05 mmol/L AlCl3胁迫条件下转基因大麦株系(LSY-11-1-1)幼苗根系谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶活性的变化,以及蛋白质和膜脂氧化损伤程度.结果表明,(1)在0.05 mmol/L AlCl3处理下,大麦幼苗根中蛋白质羰基含量和丙二醛含量显著高于非胁迫处理样品,但是转基因大麦的蛋白质羰基含量和丙二醛含量显著低于非转基因对照,如在铝胁迫处理的6、24、48、72和96 h时转基因大麦幼苗根中蛋白羰基含量分别只有对照的68.13%、52.39%、56.18%、58.02%和60.48%,MDA含量分别是对照的71.26%、74.47%、83.05%、73.65%与75.31%.(2)胁迫处理下大麦根系GSH-PX、CAT和APX等抗氧化酶活性出现不同程度的增加;与非转基因对照相比,转基因大麦幼苗根系抗氧化酶系的活性普遍高于对照,如GSH-PX活性在处理的3、24、48、72和96 h时分别是对照的1.1、1.2、1.8、1.6和1.6倍;APX在活性高峰时分别是对照的121%(3h)和119%(96 h);CAT活性在胁迫处理的3、12、24、48和72 h分别比对照提高了62%、11%、7%、34%和17%,而且转基因幼苗根系CAT活性高峰(处理3 h)比对照提前出现21 h(处理24 h)出现.这些结果表明过量表达Trxs可以有效地提高上述抗氧化酶类的活性,缓解铝毒对大麦根系蛋白质和膜脂的氧化损伤,从而提高转基因大麦幼苗对铝胁迫的抗性.