城市生活用水考核指标体系

提出了城市生活用水考核的指标体系。该考核体系分城市生活用水单元和城市总体生活用水两个类型，从生活用水、重复利用、排水、用水管理等4个方面对生活用水进行考核，从而全面的反映城市生活用水情况，对城市生活用水的规范化、科学化管理，促进节约用水将起到积极的作用。     

驾驶员坐姿模型及坐姿舒适性模糊综合评价

依据驾驶员驾驶姿势的特殊性，建立了第5、第50、第95百分位的男女驾驶员杆状、平面、三维坐姿人体模型。综合考虑不同百分位人体模型的坐姿舒适性，建立了驾驶员坐姿舒适性二级模糊综合评价模型，并用实例进行了验证。     

Performance of CERES-Rice and CERES-Wheat models in rice–wheat systems: A review

Rice–wheat (RW) systems are critical to food security and livelihoods of rural and urban poor in south Asia and China, and to regional economies in southeast Australia. The sustainability of RW systems in south Asia is, however, threatened by yield stagnation or decline, and declining partial factor productivity, soil organic C and water availability. Crop models potentially offer a means to readily explore management options to increase yield, and to determine trade-off between yield, resource-use efficiency and environmental outcomes. This paper reviews the performance of CERES-Rice and CERES-Wheat in Asia and Australia in relation to their potential application towards increasing resource use efficiency and yield of RW systems.

The performance of the models was evaluated using simulated and observed data on anthesis and maturity dates, in-season LAI and growth, final grain yield and its components, and soil water and N balances from published studies across Asia and Australia, and then by computing the statistical parameters for the major characters. Over the four data sets examined for anthesis and six for maturity dates, CERES-Rice predicted those dates fairly well (normalised RMSE = 4–5%; D-index = 0.94–0.95), but over the 11 sets for grain and 4 for biomass yield, the predictions were more variable (normalised RMSE = 23% for both; D-index 0.90 and 0.76, for grain and biomass, respectively). Model performance was poorer under conditions of low N, water deficit, and low temperatures during the reproductive stages. Over the three data sets examined, CERES-Wheat predicted the anthesis and maturity dates quite well (normalised RMSE = 4–5%; D-index = 0.94–0.99), and over eight sets for grain and two sets for biomass yield the model predicted them also reasonably well (RMSE = 13–16%; D-index = 0.86–0.97). Only one study evaluated the DSSAT RW sequence model with fairly satisfactory predictions of rice and wheat yields over 20 years with adequate N, but not the long-term change in soil organic C and N. Predictions of in-season LAI and crop growth, and soil and water processes were quite limited to investigate the robustness of model processes.

Application of models to evaluate options to increase water and N use efficiency requires the ability to perform well at the margin where deficit stress begins. While both models generally perform satisfactorily under water and N non-limiting conditions, the little evidence available suggests that they do not perform well under resource-limiting situations. We recommend that the models’ key processes under the water and N limiting conditions be further evaluated urgently. The DSSAT sequence model also needs to be further evaluated against observations for a range of locations and management using data from long-term experiments in RW systems.     

支持向量机在水质评价中的应用

介绍了支持向量机算法的原理，建立了基于支持向量机的水质评价多层次分类检测模型，通过提取水质评价标准中的物质成分为特征参数，利用几个SVM分类器的串联组合，实现对水质的分类和识别，同时，引入类权重因子，解决训练样本类别数量不平衡而导致的错分问题，实验结果显示该方法提高了水质评价的准确性和效率。     

基于粒子群算法的圆柱度误差评定方法

根据最小区域条件，建立了圆柱度误差的数学模型以及优化目标函数和适应度函数，阐述了粒子群优化算法的原理和实现方法，然后根据粒子群算法优化求解。实例表明，该方法对于圆柱度误差评定等非线性优化问题能得到全局最优解，粒子群优化算法的计算精度与其他满足最小条件的计算方法相比略有提高，且参数设置少，计算速度快，可用于三坐标测量机等测量系统的圆柱度误差测量后的数据处理。     

参数投影寻踪模型在农村公路交通发展综合评价的应用

农村公路建设是农业和农村经济赖以发展的重要基础设施．是推进社会主义新农村建设的重要内容。通过对各个省份农村公路建设的综合评价，可以找出各地区农村公路发展规模的差距，并指出优先发展的指标。以往的评价多采用模糊综合评判技术，不可避免地存在人为赋予权重的干扰，导致评价结果的出入。为此，采用新兴的降维技术一投影寻踪评价模型，通过改进遗传算法来优化投影寻踪模型多维参数．建立了4省农村公路交通发展的基于改进遗传算法的参数投影寻踪综合评价模型。有效地克服了主观赋予权重的干扰．取得了满意效果；同时，指出了各个省份发展农村公路建设优先考虑的指标顺序，为该方面研究提供了新的思路与研究方法。     

集对分析法在地下水水质评价中的应用

同一级别不同地区的地下水水质会因评价指标数值的差异而有所差别,将集对分析法运用到地下水水质评价中,可以先通过计算评价样本与评价指标之间的联系度对样本作初步的排序,再对样本作进一步的同一、差异、对立的集对分析以判断出评价样本的等级.研究结果表明:评价结果与采用其他评价方法时基本一致,且集对分析法简便、实用,计算结果客观、稳定,是一种有效的水质评价方法.     

辽河流域防洪系统综合评价指标体系研究

随着我国许多流域防洪体系建设的逐渐完善和水利部门防洪思路的逐渐改变，对流域防洪系统进行综合评价显得很有必要，而要进行防洪系统综合评价首先要建立评价指标体系。阐述了社会系统、经济系统和防洪系统之间的既相互制约又相互促进的关系，说明三者处于一种动态的协调平衡中；结合三者之间的关系，从辽河流域实际情况出发，考虑资料收集的可行性，以全面而精练为准则，分别建立了社会系统、经济系统和防洪系统指标体系，以期对辽河流域防洪系统进行全面、客观的科学评价。该指标体系结合实际作适当修改可以应用于其他流域的防洪系统评价中。     

东港灌区运行状况综合评价研究

在灌区续建配套与节水改造规划工作实施的基础上，拟建了一套合理的评价指标体系，利用层次分析法（AHP）确定评价指标的权重，建立了模糊综合评判（FCE）数学模型，并运用该模型对东港市的三个灌区的运行状况进行综合评价，评价结果与实际情况吻合良好。     

梯级水电站补偿效益分摊方法研究

为了真实地体现梯级水电站的补偿效益，从分析影响梯级水电站补偿效益分摊的主要因素入手，提出了几种单因子分摊方法、综合分析法以及模糊综合评判法，建立了分摊数学模型，以汉江支流岚河梯级补偿效益分摊为例，将不同方法计算结果进行对比，提出了不同条件下梯级水电站补偿效益的合理分摊方法。