Effects of season, maturity, and sex on lipid class dynamics in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides Lacepede)

Abstract Factors that can influence changes in lipid class concentrations in specific tissues have not been reported for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. We investigated patterns of lipid composition by measuring seasonal levels of total lipid and major lipid classes in the muscle and liver tissues of juvenile and adult largemouth bass and gonad tissue of adults. Fish were collected in December, February, April and July to correspond with key stages of the sexual cycle. Total lipid concentrations were substantially greater in hepatic (32.8 [female] to 56.6 [male] mg. g^?1) and gonadal tissues (34.4 [F] to 204.0 [M] mg. g^?1) than in muscle (7. 5 [F] to 11.4 [M] mg. g^?1). Muscle lipid concentrations in juveniles were significantly higher (10.9 [F] and 11.4 [M] mg. g^?1) in summer than in winter in adult muscle tissue (8.6 [F] and 9.4 [MI mg. g^?1). A 44% increase in ovary lipid was observed from preparatory to prespawn stages, followed by a 78% decline after the spawn. Additionally, seasonal hepatic lipid concentrations were substantially higher in juveniles. Concentrations of lipid classes (free cholesterol [C], triacylglycerol [TAG], free-fatty acids [FFA], esterified cholesterol [CE] and phospholipid [PL]) of all tissue types varied significantly among season, sex, and maturity categories. Changes with all lipid classes in the ovary coincided with those occurring in total ovarian lipid. Mobilization and transport of TAG and PL from the liver to the ovary appeared to occur during gametogenesis. All class concentrations in juveniles were invariably higher in liver than in muscle, but seasonally variable among hepatic and gonad tissues of adults. Juvenile males showed slightly greater hepatic C concentrations than other groups. Muscle and hepatic C were generally higher in juveniles.     

多重分形测度及其密度性质

给出了维纹所对应的外测度意义下分形集的密度的定义，从而推广了Ｈａｕｓｄｏｒｆｆ测度意义下的密度，并得到了密度的性质。     

3种冷季型草坪草混播配方优化组合筛选试验

在河西走廊中部地区气候条件下,通过对草地早熟禾Poa pratensis、高羊茅Festuca arundinacea、多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne3种冷季型草坪草18种混播配方进行了成坪品质的观察测定,筛选出了适应当地气候条件的优化组合配方10个。     

宝天曼短柄枹林1公顷样地物种组成与群落结构

为了深入了解宝天曼自然保护区树种的多样性,参照巴拿马巴罗克罗拉多岛样地的技术规范,于2009年在河南宝天曼国家级自然保护区建立了1块面积为1hm2的短柄枹林永久监测样地。对样地内所有胸径≥1cm的木本植物进行了详细的定位调查。结果表明:样地内被监测的树木个体数为2 481个,隶属于27科47属71种;短柄枹林样地共分为4个基本层次,乔木Ⅰ层主要有短柄枹(Quercus serrata var.brevipetiolata)和栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis),乔木Ⅱ层主要由四照花(Cornus kousa subsp.Chinensis)、水榆花楸(Sorbus alnifolia)组成,灌木层的优势种为连翘(Forsythia suspensa)、满山红(Rhododendron mariesii)等,草本层主要由细叶薹草(Carex duriu-sata subsp.stenophylloides)等组成;样地植物区系以北温带成分为主,共25个属,占总属数的50.98%,兼具热带成分,共10个属,占总属数的21.28%;短柄枹(Quercus serrata var.brevipetio-lata)和栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)在群落中占有绝对的优势地位,但从径级结构来看,栓皮栎的更新较差;从物种的空间分布格局中可以看出,样地物种空间分布格局整体上表现为随机分布为主,但优势种短柄枹和栓皮栎主要表现为聚集分布。     

基于GA-SVR的中长期径流预报

【目的】将遗传算法（GA）与支持向量机回归（SVR）2种算法结合,构建GA-SVR模型,并采用该模型对径流进行预报,为制定防洪抗旱与水资源调度方案提供依据。【方法】以陕西府谷县黄甫川水文站1979-2003年实测资料作为拟合样本,2004-2008年资料作为检验样本,选取降水量、蒸发量为输入量,径流为输出量,通过GA优化SVR的结构和参数,建立GA-SVR预报模型,进而进行径流预报,同时与基于误差反向传播算法的人工神经网络（BP-ANN）、投影寻踪回归（PPR）模型的预报结果进行对比分析。【结果】应用GA-SVR、BP-ANN、PPR 3个模型在径流拟合阶段的预报精度较检验阶段有所下降,但是预报精度均达到了乙级水平,其中以GA-SVR的预报精度最高,效果最好。【结论】GA-SVR模型实现了SVR参数自动化选取,较好地解决了高度非线性、小样本、过学习等问题,模型可行有效,为径流预报提供了一种新途径。     

图书排架方法的继承与创新：兼与蒋鸿标、王旭艳商榷

在分析蒋鸿标的“细分粗排”和王旭艳的“细分细排”图书排架方法的基础上,针对开架图书借阅乱架问题,提出了“两号分离”法,并介绍了“两号分离”法的原理、优点、可行性和使用“两号分离”法需注意的问题。     

农业院校英语课堂学生“消极沉默”行为实证研究——以河北农业大学为例

大学英语课堂的消极沉默现象不利于教学进行和教学效果,也有悖于素质教育的目的。针对农业院校英语课堂中普遍存在的学生消极沉默进行了实证研究,从学生、教师、教育方式以及社会文化的影响4个方面分析了其形成原因,提出采用分级教学、优化课堂提问策略和丰富教学手段等对策来打破沉默僵局,提高教学效率。     

Latent class analysis of the diagnostic characteristics of PCR and conventional bacteriological culture in diagnosing intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in dairy cows at dry off

Background

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of intramammary infections in dairy cows at dry off. Reliable identification is important for disease management on herd level and for antimicrobial treatment of infected animals. Our objective was to evaluate the test characteristics of PathoProof ™ Mastitis PCR Assay and bacteriological culture (BC) in diagnosing bovine intramammary infections caused by S. aureus at dry off at different PCR cycle threshold (Ct)-value cut-offs.

Methods

Sterile quarter samples and non-sterile composite samples from 140 animals in seven herds were collected in connection with the dairy herd improvement (DHI) milk recording. All quarter samples were analyzed using BC whereas all composite samples were analyzed with PathoProof ™ Mastitis PCR Assay. Latent class analysis was used to estimate test properties for PCR and BC in the absence of a perfect reference test. The population was divided into two geographically divided subpopulations and the Hui-Walter 2-test 2-populations model applied to estimate Se, Sp for the two tests, and prevalence for the two subpopulations.

Results

The Se for PCR increased with increasing Ct-value cut-off, accompanied by a small decrease in Sp. For BC the Se decreased and Sp increased with increasing Ct-value cut-off. Most optimal test estimates for the real-time PCR assay were at a Ct-value cut-off of 37; 0.93 [95% posterior probability interval (PPI) 0.60-0.99] for Se and 0.95 [95% PPI 0.95-0.99] for Sp. At the same Ct-value cut-off, Se and Sp for BC were 0.83 [95% PPI 0.66-0.99] and 0.97 [95% PPI 0.91-0.99] respectively. Depending on the chosen PCR Ct-value cut-off, the prevalence in the subpopulations varied; the prevalence increased with increasing PCR Ct-value cut-offs.

Conclusion

Neither BC nor real-time PCR is a perfect test in detecting IMI in dairy cows at dry off. The changes in sensitivity and prevalence at different Ct-value cut-offs for both PCR and BC may indicate a change in the underlying disease definition. At low PCR Ct-value cut-offs the underlying disease definition may be a truly/heavily infected cow, whereas at higher PCR Ct-value cut-offs the disease definition may be a S. aureus positive cow.     

冀北土石山区天然次生林山杨、白桦种群的空间分布格局

分析冀北土石山区典型天然次生阔叶林中的山杨、白桦种群的径级结构、空间分布格局及种内/种间的空间关联。结果表明:山杨、白桦均以中径木为主,林下缺乏可供更新的幼苗、幼树,种群呈现衰退趋势;山杨、白桦的全部个体在本研究尺度上呈聚集分布,随尺度的增大其聚集强度先增大后减小,并趋于随机分布;山杨、白桦种群随龄级增大,聚集强度减小,以幼树的聚集强度最大;不同生长阶段同种个体间的关联性随尺度的变化,出现正关联、负关联和相互独立的空间关系,以负关联为主;不同生长阶段的山杨和白桦种群间未出现正关联,大多数种对在本研究尺度上为负关联或者在大部分尺度上为负关联;山杨、白桦的种内/种间竞争激烈,群落整体结构不稳定,处于演替初期向中期过渡阶段。     

Effects of management on coarse woody debris volume and composition in boreal forests in northern Sweden

Forest management practices have led to a reduction in the volume and a change in the composition of coarse woody debris (CWD) in many forest types. This study compared CWD volume and composition in reserves and two types of managed forest in the central boreal zone of Sweden. Ten areas were surveyed, each containing clear-cut, mature managed and old-growth stands, to determine the volume of standing and lying CWD in terms of species composition, decay class and size class. Volumes of CWD on clear-cuts and in mature managed forests were high compared with previous studies. Old-growth forests (72.6 m³ ha^?1) contained a greater volume of CWD than mature managed forests (23.3 m³ ha^?1) and clear-cuts (13.6 m³ ha^?1). Differences were greatest for the larger size classes and intermediate decay stages. Despite stand ages being up to 144 years, CWD volume and composition in managed forests was more similar to clear-cuts than to old-growth forests.