软土路基处理若干方案浅谈

软土路基处理应根据软土、淤泥的物理力学性质、埋层深度、材料条件、公路等因素分别采取处理措施.     

高层建筑框架结构安全隐患的预控

本文概述了高层建筑框架结构在施工图设计阶段几个方面的问题。避免因设计者的疏忽而给结构安全带来隐患。     

Effects of strip wise tillage in combination with liming on chemical and physical properties of acidic spruce forest soils after clear cutting

We investigated the initial effects of strip wise soil loosening (0–35 cm depth) on soil chemical and physical parameters by using a deeply working rotary cultivator in combination with liming and mixing of the dolomite with the soil material of acidic forests. The investigations took place 8 months after the treatment. pH values and contents of exchangeable Ca and Mg increased significantly at the tilled depth whereas the content of exchangeable Al and easily soluble P decreased. The rate of mineralisation increased at this depth which was shown by a loss of Corg, Ntot and short-term loss of NO₃-N. The treatment led to a mobilisation of Mn at the tilled depth. However, the content of exchangeable Pb decreased due to an increased pH value. Below the tillage depth of 35 cm only partly significant changes of exchangeable Mn and NO₃-N were found. The total porosity and bulk density at 10–15 and 40–45 cm depths were not significantly different from those in the control plot, but the rate of infiltration increased significantly.     

Root distribution ofDactyladenia (Acioa) barteri andSenna (Cassia) siamea in alley cropping on Ultisol. I. Implication for field experimentation

Root observations were carried out on a typic Paleudult in the humid forest zone of south eastern Nigeria in an alley cropping trial usingDactyladenia (Acioa) barteri andSenna (Cassia) siamea as hedgerow trees and the interrow space planted to maize/cassava intercrop. Rooting depth ofD. barteri andS. siamea exceeded 1.6 m. Lateral root propagation ofS. siamea was 15 m, and ofD. barteri was 5 m from the hedgerows. The whole no-tree control plot was within the range of roots of the adjacent hedgerows. Rooting density and depth ofS. siamea in the no-tree control plot was generally higher than of cassava.S. siamea and cassava root density were inversely correlated. Assuming radial symmetry of root propagation, water and nutrients were available from an area 6.1 and 2.3 times larger than the allocated plot size ofS. siamea andD. barteri, respectively. Data obtained in alley cropping trials, not considering lateral root propagation, can be invalidated through exploitation of the no-tree control treatment and nutrient acquisition by hedgerow species from a larger area than allocated, thus underestimating and overestimating the performances of the respective treatments. Possible alternative measures for avoiding root interference are discussed but no good solution can be given.     

河网平原地区雨水管道设计方法的探讨

本文结合河网平源地区的水文地理特点，提出了雨水管道设计中管径确定与管道埋设分别独立进行，水力计算采用统一的水力坡降，管道埋设采用统一的安装坡度，以及提倡管底平接等设计思想与计算方法。     

Bearing properties of engineered wood products I: effects of dowel diameter and loading direction

The embedment tests of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) with two moduli of elasticity (MOE; 7.8 GPa and 9.8GPa), parallel strand lumber (PSL), and laminated strand lumber (LSL) were conducted in accordance with ASTM-D 5764. The load-embedment relation for each of these engineered wood products (EWPs) was established. The directional characteristics of bearing strength (_e), initial stiffness (k _e), and effective elastic foundation depth were obtained from the tested results. The effective elastic foundation depth (=E/k _e,E = MOE), based on the theory of a beam on elastic foundation, was obtained from thek _e and MOE. An of 90° (perpendicular to the grain) was calculated by dividingE ₉₀ [MOE of 90° from the compression test, but MOE of 0° (E ₀), parallel to the grain, obtained from the bending test] byk _e90, the initial stiffness of 90°. This study aimed to obtain the bearing characteristics of each EWP, taking into consideration their anisotropic structures, for estimating the fastening strength of a dowel-type fastener. The relations between the bearing coefficients ( _e,k _e,) on the loading direction and dowel diameter were established from the load-embedment curves. Based on the results of the embedment test, tested EWPs showed different tendencies in all directions from wood and glued laminated timber.Part of this study was presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1999     

层积时间和深度及贮藏年限对黄瑞香种子萌发的影响

为了找到探索有效打破黄瑞香种子休眠、提高种子发芽率的方法,以黄瑞香种子为试材,研究3种不同层积期、4种不同层积深度以及不同贮藏年限对黄瑞香种子发芽率的影响。结果表明,贮藏1 a或2 a对黄瑞香种子发芽率的影响差异不显著;不同层积期、不同层积深度对黄瑞香种子发芽率有显著影响。层积期10月20日发芽率最高,11月9日发芽率最低;层积深度80 cm效果最好,40 cm发芽率最低;黄瑞香种子生理休眠属深度生理休眠。由于各因素间对打破种子休眠无交互作用,因此层积期为1 0月20日至10月30日、层积深度为60~100 cm,可获得较高的发芽率。     

基于彩色空间距离优化的秸秆覆盖率检测算法研究

秸秆覆盖率是保护性耕作重要的评价指标之一。针对田间秸秆形态各异、细碎秸秆难以识别的难题,基于机器视觉技术,提出了一种基于K-means和彩色空间距离灰度化方法相结合的田间秸秆覆盖率检测算法。采用彩色空间距离方法对秸秆图像进行预处理,基于K-means算法实现秸秆和土壤背景的分类识别,使用数学形态学腐蚀和膨胀方法对识别后的图像进行处理,降低细碎秸秆对覆盖率的影响,最后计算秸秆图像的覆盖率。2022年10月,通过田间试验对北京小汤山国家精准农业研究示范基地采集的220幅玉米秸秆图像进行了算法验证。试验结果表明,对低秸秆覆盖率(0～30%)图像,识别准确率达到90%;对中等秸秆覆盖率(30%～60%)图像,识别准确率达到88%;对高秸秆覆盖率(60%以上)图像,识别准确率达到86%;整体秸秆覆盖率分等定级准确度达到98.18%。本研究设计的基于K-means和彩色空间距离灰度化方法相结合的田间秸秆覆盖率检测算法为保护性耕作评价提供了快速检测方法和手段。     

深松对苏打盐碱化旱田改良与利用的影响

通过对不同深度深松对经过微咸水淋洗改良的中度和轻度苏打盐碱化旱田的土壤体积质量(容重)、含盐量和pH等理化性状及作物产量等相关性状的影响研究,结果表明:深松措施能够有效地降低经过淋洗改良的中度和轻度苏打盐碱化旱田的土壤体积质量、含盐量和pH,明显改善其土壤理化形状,有效地促进作物根系发育,显著提高作物产量。深松措施可作为苏打盐碱土改良与持续利用的有效耕作方式加以实施;深松方法以效果极为显著且具有可操作性的原垄垄沟深松40cm,中耕时垄沟深松30cm为佳。     

麦/玉两熟区农作模式分析及轮耕模式探讨

从20世纪90年代初期起,以少/免耕为主体的耕作模式在麦/玉两熟区得到大面积推广应用。经过近15年的耕作栽培,少/免耕充分显示了它省时省工、高效环保的作用,但是与此同时一系列弊端也日益显露。对宁晋县百户农民耕作意愿调查的结果显示,在长期少/免耕后小麦产量和经济效益有所下降,而应在免耕3～5年以后对土壤进行深耕翻。对比麦/玉种植模式与马铃薯/棉花套作的经济效益,以轮作实现轮耕是麦/玉两熟区耕作模式发展方向。