作物根系表型鉴定评价方法的现状与展望

根系是作物固定植株并吸收土壤水分和养分的主要器官,其表型特征直接影响作物的生产力和适应性。优化根系表型被认为是实现第二次“绿色革命”的重要途径之一。然而,根系的隐匿性、复杂性和可塑性极大地制约着根系表型鉴定效率,导致根系优化进程远远滞后于地上部器官。随着光谱成像、机器学习和三维重建等新技术的快速发展,根系表型鉴定方法逐渐由传统取样观测向原位、无损、自动化检测转变,评价依据由二维形态指标向立体构型参数拓展,促进了根系表型鉴定效率大幅提升,根系表型数据快速增长。与此同时,海量数据也带来了信息冗余及利用率低等问题,对根系表型研究提出了规范化和共享化的时代新要求。本文概述了现行主要根系表型鉴定方法的原理和技术要点,从精准度、通量和成本等方面对不同方法进行系统比较,并从使用许可、运行平台和分析方式等方面对常用根系表型量化软件进行归纳总结;进一步提出今后重点研究方向,即开发高效的田间根系表型鉴定方法,建立根系可塑性鉴定评价技术体系,加强根系解剖结构的鉴定和利用,强化分子检测技术在根系表型鉴定中的应用,推进根系表型鉴定技术规范化和数据信息共享化,以期为合理选用和改进作物根系表型鉴定评价方法提供参考,促进作物根系改良。     

基于迁移学习和双线性CNN的细粒度菌菇表型识别

为了对细粒度菌菇进行表型识别,在双线性卷积神经网络细粒度图像识别框架基础上,提出了一种基于迁移学习和双线性Inception-ResNet-v2网络的菌菇识别方法。利用Inception-ResNet-v2网络的特征提取能力,结合双线性汇合操作,提取菌菇图像数据的细粒度特征,采用迁移学习将ImageNet数据集上预训练的模型参数迁移到细粒度菌类表型数据集上。试验表明,在开源数据集和个人数据集上,识别精度分别达到87.15%和93.94%。开发了基于Flask框架的在线菌类表型识别系统,实现了细粒度菌菇表型的在线识别与分析。     

A gene expression estimator of intramuscular fat percentage for use in both cattle and sheep

Background

The expression of genes encoding proteins involved in triacyglyceride and fatty acid synthesis and storage in cattle muscle are correlated with intramuscular fat (IMF)%. Are the same genes also correlated with IMF% in sheep muscle, and can the same set of genes be used to estimate IMF% in both species?

Results

The correlation between gene expression (microarray) and IMF% in the longissimus muscle (LM) of twenty sheep was calculated. An integrated analysis of this dataset with an equivalent cattle correlation dataset and a cattle differential expression dataset was undertaken. A total of 30 genes were identified to be strongly correlated with IMF% in both cattle and sheep. The overlap of genes was highly significant, 8 of the 13 genes in the TAG gene set and 8 of the 13 genes in the FA gene set were in the top 100 and 500 genes respectively most correlated with IMF% in sheep, P-value = 0. Of the 30 genes, CIDEA, THRSP, ACSM1, DGAT2 and FABP4 had the highest average rank in both species. Using the data from two small groups of Brahman cattle (control and Hormone growth promotant-treated [known to decrease IMF% in muscle]) and 22 animals in total, the utility of a direct measure and different estimators of IMF% (ultrasound and gene expression) to differentiate between the two groups were examined. Directly measured IMF% and IMF% estimated from ultrasound scanning could not discriminate between the two groups. However, using gene expression to estimate IMF% discriminated between the two groups. Increasing the number of genes used to estimate IMF% from one to five significantly increased the discrimination power; but increasing the number of genes to 15 resulted in little further improvement.

Conclusion

We have demonstrated the utility of a comparative approach to identify robust estimators of IMF% in the LM in cattle and sheep. We have also demonstrated a number of approaches (potentially applicable to much smaller groups of animals than conventional methods) to using gene expression to rank animals for IMF% within a single farm/treatment, or to estimate differences in IMF% between two farms/treatments.     

基于轮廓投影的盆栽水稻三维重建方法研究

近几年，基于图像的高通量水稻表型研究取得了极大进展，但从三维层面进行研究的工作则相对较少。一般而言，相对于二维图像，从三维模型中能提取更为全面的性状参数。三维模型重建是作物三维表型研究的基础，提出一种适用于盆栽水稻三维点云的重建方法。该方法在相机固定、样本旋转的拍摄模式下获取水稻多视角图像，根据相机标定参数以及水稻轮廓二值图，通过轮廓投影方法重建水稻三维可视外壳点云模型，并通过反投影方法进行点云着色。结果表明，该方法对于不同时期及不同品种的水稻样本均能取得较好重建效果。     

不同组合CoBFA对雏鸡部分血液指标的影响

选用１日龄尼克红蛋公雏８０５只，随机分成７个组，Ⅰ－Ⅶ组为试验组，在饲料中分别添加以不同剂量的Ｚn、Se、Vc、VE、BFA(生化黄腐酸）配合面民的CoBFA，第Ⅶ组为对照。分别计数红细胞数、白细胞总数、白细胞分类数，测定血红蛋白含量，比较各组血液指标变化情况，分析各因素与雏鸡血液指标相关性，遴选最适组合。结果表明，红细胞与Ｖc、BFA显著相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）；淋巴细胞Ｖc极显著相关（Ｐ＜０．０１），与ＶＥ、ＢＦＡ显著相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）；血红蛋白含量Ｚn、Ｓe呈 正相关；白细胞总数与ＢＦＡ、Ｖc、VE呈较强正相关。     

Isozyme polymorphism in three gene pools of cultivated chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)

Summary Polymorphism of ten enzymes, acid phosphatase (APH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), phosphorylase (PP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malic enzyme (ME), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 and 2 (GOT-1, GOT-2) and phosphoglucomutase 1 and 2 (PGM-1 and PGM-2), was investigated in three gene pools of cultivated chicory, including six cultivated wild chccory, eight industrial chicory and eight Brussels chicory varieties. LAP, APH, PP and PGM-2 showed high phenotypic polymorphism whilst GOT-1 and ME had poor polymorphism. For three enzyme coding loci Lap, Pgm-1 and Got-2, allele frequencies were determined. Isozyme composition in the three chicory gene pools was significantly different, showing, respectively, high, intermediate and poor average amount of phenotypic polymorphism in cultivated wild chicory, industrial chicory and Brussels chicory. Isozyme variation within and between varieties of the three gene pools is discussed in relation to breeding practices.     

鸭大肠杆菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测(ESBLs)及药物敏感性测定

对国内7个省份临床分离的32株鸭大肠杆菌进行超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检测及药物敏感性研究。结果表明,32株分离的鸭大肠杆菌中产ESBLs菌株7株,阳性检出率为21.87%;产ESBLs菌株对常用头孢三代及半合成青霉素类药物的敏感率低于42.9%,耐药率则高于28.6%,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、头孢噻呋的耐药率高达100%。产酶菌株和非产酶菌株对新型头孢四代产品头孢吡肟及碳青霉烯类药物亚胺培南、美罗培南的敏感率高于96%。加酶抑制剂的β-内酰胺类抗生素如阿莫西林/棒酸、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦等对产酶菌株和非产酶菌株的敏感率全部高于未加酶抑制剂的单方药物。产ESBLs菌株存在多重耐药现象,酶抑制剂能够部分解决此类耐药性问题。     

葛藤优良单株选择

通过对葛藤表型性状与经济产量的相关关系进行分析,从理论上阐明了优良葛藤单株选择应以分枝数和单根重为主,根粗与茎粗协调搭配为副,进而建立了选优的评分标准,并根据评分标准进行了葛藤优良单株的选择。     

云南稻种资源表现型分布地和分布民族分析

通过对分布于82个县市的1630份中国云南保存的地方稻种资源多种表现型现象进行分析,结果共有724份稻种资源是具有多种表现型现象的资源,即多型性资源,多型性资源的比例为44．0％,多型性系数X为1．75,多样性指数日为1．34,X与日的相关系数r=0．90。多型性资源的地理分布主要集中在思茅、临沦、版纳和德宏4个地州。以墨江、景洪、龙隆、永德、普洱、孟连和云县等7个县(市)为中心的地带,即云南多型性稻种资源主要集中分布在南部边缘及滇西南地区的野生稻分布区、稻种资源富集区和陆稻的主要种植区。分布地区是傣族、哈尼族、拉祜族和佤族等少数民族的主要聚居地。云南稻种资源的多种表现型现象与当地的地理和民族密切相关。