老河口市砂梨花期的物候特点分析

为掌握湖北省老河口市砂梨花期的物候规律,利用老河口市20年的砂梨裂蕾期、现蕾期、初花期和盛花期4个物候期数据及温度、降水量、空气湿度、日照时数等气象数据,结合冬春农历节气,比较立春和雨水至各物候期≥0℃、≥5℃与≥6℃的有效积温及其标准差,分析各物候期日序、日数与冬春气象要素的相关关系。结果表明：（1）雨水至裂蕾期、初花期与盛花期≥0℃的活动积温和标准差小于立春至各物候期的活动积温和标准差,由此确定老河口市砂梨花芽的萌动日期更接近雨水节气。（2）立春至各物候期、雨水至各物候期≥0℃、≥5℃与≥6℃有效积温的标准差呈依次减小的趋势,且在有些年份≥7℃的有效积温为0℃;确定了老河口市砂梨开花的生物学零度为6℃左右。（3）冬至至立春的气象因子对砂梨花期无显著影响,而立春以后的活动积温对各物候期影响显著,日照时数对砂梨现蕾期至初花期、降水量及平均空气相对湿度对砂梨裂蕾期至现蕾期有显著影响。（4）砂梨初花比当地榆树和加拿大杨初花期均晚5~16日。该研究结果为老河口市砂梨花期预报提供了一定的科学依据。     

Examining the impact of shade on above-ground biomass and normalized difference vegetation index of C3 and C4 grass species in North-Western NSW,Australia

Previous investigations have detected a directional trend in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of pastures around scattered paddock trees and identified shade from the tree as the most likely causal factor. This study uses a field experiment to quantify the effect of varying levels of shade on the above-ground biomass and NDVI of three grass species native to Australia (Microlaena stipoides, C₃, shade tolerant; Austrodanthonia richardsonii, C₃, prefers full sunlight, and Chloris ventricosa, C₄, prefers full sunlight) in different seasons. The study demonstrates that shade had little influence on the above-ground biomass of C₃ species but significantly reduced biomass in the C₄ species. Until early winter, the NDVI of each species was generally significantly higher in all shaded treatments than in the no-shade treatment. This suggests that shaded plants retained a higher proportion of green biomass and/or changed leaf shape, increased leaf area and chlorophyll content. Regardless, although not proven in this experiment, it is likely shade prolonged the retention of green plant material into mid to late winter. Overall, this experiment explains the directional trends in NDVI around scattered trees found in previous work and suggests that shade from scattered trees prolongs green pasture production in a range of native grass species, without loss of C₃ pasture biomass.     

基于时序指数西北植被物候时空变化特征

基于1999—2010年SPOT VEGETATION旬数据,采用HANTS方法对原数据进行平滑处理,并利用傅里叶插值方法将旬数据插值成天数据,再通过NDVI天变化量确定植被物候期,研究了中国西北植被物候时空特征。结果表明:（1）海拔2 km以下,植被类型以农业植被为主,受人类因素影响较大,物候生长季始期（SOG）相对提前,生长季末期（EOG）推迟,生长季长度（LOG）变大且由东南向西北递减;在海拔较高地区,物候SOG推迟,EOG提前,LOG缩短。（2）1999—2010年西北植被物候,东部SOG提前,EOG推迟,LOG变延长;而向西部物候变化特征与东部相反。一方面,从陕西到青海海拔不断上升,温度逐渐下降,植被物候也随之变化;另一方面,陕西一带是集中农业区,青海地区主要以草地植被为主,农业（小麦）植被物候期相对较长。     

气候变化对中国北方玉米种植及物候的影响

通过分析北方地区玉米生产典型区1992—2012年40个有长时间序列记录站点的物候信息与年均温度及≥10℃有效积温之间的关系发现:随着年际之间气温波动,玉米自身进行着生育期的调整,年均温每升高1℃,玉米生育期大致缩短3～5 d;年均温11℃可能是春夏玉米的分界阈值,也可能是一年一作和一年两作两种种植方式的温度划分基线;东北和西北地区作物在1992—2012年间对气候变化响应程度强于华北地区,潜在适应性更强。通过本研究发现玉米物候对气候变化的响应规律,对于阐明玉米品种空间分布与气候变化的关系以及未来气候条件下玉米物候、品种及种植结构变化趋势具有重要意义。     

不同生长阶段水分胁迫对旱区冬小麦生长发育和产量的影响

【目的】为了探究不同生长阶段水分胁迫对旱区冬小麦生长发育和产量形成的影响,通过2012-2013和2013-2014两个生长季在遮雨棚人工控水试验,对比分析不同分段受旱条件下冬小麦的株高、叶面积指数、生物量、物候期和产量等生理生态指标的动态变化过程。【方法】试验将冬小麦整个生育期划分为越冬、返青、拔节、抽穗和灌浆5个主要生长阶段,每相邻两个生长阶段连续受旱,形成4个不同的受旱时段水平（D1-D4）,根据小麦生育期的需水量,设置灌水定额分别为40和80 mm两个水平（I1和I2）,共形成8个处理,每处理3次重复,在遮雨棚内采用裂区试验布置,此外在旁边设置1个各生育期全灌水的对照处理。【结果】在冬小麦营养生长阶段进行连续水分胁迫时,明显影响小麦的正常生长发育,越冬期和返青期受旱时冬小麦的株高和叶面积指数都最小,但是拔节后受旱对小麦植株生长影响不明显,且拔节期后冬小麦株高和叶面指数的平均生长速率均为拔节前的10倍;拔节期前各处理小麦的生物量都没有明显的差异,但是拔节后各处理差异明显,越冬期和返青期受旱处理的生物量明显低于其他各处理,并且后期复水也不能弥补生物量的严重损失;干旱胁迫能缩短冬小麦的生育期,在同一灌溉水平下,受旱阶段D1、D2、D3、D4的抽穗期和开花期比对照处理延迟1-3 d,且受旱时期越早、胁迫程度越大,则生育期越提前,成熟期最多可提前5 d;相同灌溉水平下,若抽穗和灌浆期受旱（即越冬、返青、拔节期灌水）可获得较高的有效穗数和穗粒数,但千粒重较低;而抽穗和灌浆期灌水,可以提高冬小麦千粒重,但穗数和穗粒数较低;在I1和I2水平下,越冬期和返青期受旱处理的产量最低,仅为对照处理产量的42%左右,但I1水平下拔节期和抽穗期受旱的处理产量最高,约为对照处理的63%,I2水平下返青期和拔节期受旱的处理产量最高,约为对照处理的75%。【结论】灌水定额和受旱阶段具有明显的交互作用,返青期和灌浆期为旱区冬小麦田间水分管理的关键时期,生产中需加强这两个生长阶段的田间水分管理以确保高产。     

Spatial and interspecific variability in phenological responses to warming temperatures

A comprehensive understanding of species phenological responses to global warming will require observations that are both long-term and spatially extensive. Here we present an analysis of the spring phenological response to climate variation of twelve taxa: six plants, three birds, a frog, and two insects. Phenology was monitored using standardized protocols at 176 meteorological stations in Japan and South Korea from 1953 to 2005, and in some cases even longer. We developed a hierarchical Bayesian model to examine the complex interactions of temperature, site effects, and latitude on phenology. Results show species-specific variation in the magnitude and even in the direction of their responses to increasing temperature, which also differ from site-to-site. At most sites the differences in phenology among species are forecast to become greater with warmer temperatures. Our results challenge the assertion that trends in one geographic region can be extrapolated to others, and emphasize the idiosyncratic nature of the species response to global warming. Field studies are needed to determine how these patterns of variation in species response to climate change affect species interactions and the ability to persist in a changing climate.     

Spatio-temporal variation of environmental signals inducing seed germination in temperate conifer plantations and natural hardwood forests in northern Japan

To document the spatial and temporal variation of environmental signals inducing seed germination in temperate forests, we measured temporal patterns of environmental signals and seed germination of six pioneer tree species in unthinned and thinned stands of conifer forests (Cryptomeria japonica plantations) and in the understory and gaps of hardwood forests in Japan. We also conducted germination experiment in laboratory for the six pioneer species to test the effects of red:far-red (R:FR) light ratio and temperature fluctuations on the seed germination. In conifer forests, the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), the R:FR ratio, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations in thinned stands were 2, 1.5, and 3 times higher, respectively, than those of unthinned stands. The PPFD and R:FR ratios just above forest floor also increased after the removal of thick litter accumulation. As a result, higher seed germination was observed in thinned compared to unthinned stands for three photoblastic species, whereas little differences were observed for three non-photoblastic species. These findings suggest that thinning, which frequently reduces litter accumulation, can substantially affect the regeneration of pioneer species and the resultant species diversity in conifer plantations. None of the measured environmental signals changed seasonally in unthinned stands of conifer forests, but they all changed remarkably in the understory of the hardwood forests. In this system, all signals were high and nearly identical to those in the gaps in early spring prior to canopy closure. Thus, the percent germination of the three photoblastic species was enhanced by high R:FR ratios and/or large temperature fluctuations even beneath the canopy and was nearly equal to that in the thinned conifer stands where the environmental conditions were nearly identical to those in the gaps. However, all of the environmental signals decreased with the expansion of canopy leaves and reached minimums at canopy closure. Even in the thinned stands and the gaps, the PPFD and magnitude of temperature fluctuations decreased over time due to shading by growing herbs and/or emerging canopy leaves. In these temporally changing environments, the germination of all photoblastic species ceased simultaneously. This study clearly demonstrated that the environmental signals inducing seed germination of photoblastic pioneer species spatially and temporally change in temperate forests, particularly in deciduous hardwood forests. Furthermore, these signals, PPFD, R:FR ratio, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations, appear to play a very important role in tree regeneration and subsequent species diversity.     

桂北地区蟋蟀物候对气候变暖的响应

对桂北地区蟋蟀始鸣和终鸣以及气候变化多年同步观测资料进行对比分析,结果表明:近10年来桂北地区蟋蟀始鸣期呈提前趋势,终鸣期稳定,始终鸣间隔日及生长繁殖季显著延长;桂林雁山近34年来平均气温呈显著上升趋势,特别是近10年来增温特别明显,在增温过程中又以春季增温为主,冬季和秋季增温次之,夏季呈弱降温趋势;2~4月平均气温(T2-4)是影响蟋蟀始鸣期和始终鸣间隔日的主要气候生态因子;蟋蟀物候期变化是对气候变暖响应的结果。     

鸡公山国家级自然保护区植物群落季相及其景观节奏

研究了鸡公山国家级自然保护区乔、灌植被的季相变化。结果表明,一年四季中,春花、夏绿、秋色、冬季枯黄,每个季节阶段都具有典型的植物物候形态组合与色彩组合,独特的季相特征为植物景观的持续开发利用提供了科学依据。     

长春市木本植物春季物候对气候变化的响应

根据中国物候观测网络长春观测站点的物候资料及国家气象中心提供的气象资料,采用相关分析、多元回归分析和数学模拟方法,分析了2003-2010年长春市木本植物春季物候与温度、日照、降水之间的相关关系,建立了模拟和预报4种木本植物开花始期的模型。结果表明：在各种气候因子中,温度对春季物候影响最大,日照、降水影响不显著;温度对春季物候影响集中在物候期前2个月,温度升高,春季物候期提前。春季物候期持续日数与1、2月份温度有关,分别与芽萌动期和展叶期成正相关和负相关。开花始期回归模型预测值与物候观测数值拟合较好,表明可以使用回归模型对长春几种木本开花期进行预测。