玉米类型和籽粒成熟期影响秸秆营养成分与活体外消化率的比较研究

本试验以两个高油玉米品种(HOC298和HOC647)、两个普通玉米品种(CAU80和CAU3138)和一个饲料专用玉米品种(FC3)为试验材料,分析比较不同类型玉米和籽粒成熟期(1/2、3/4和4/4乳线期)对玉米秸秆主要营养成分含量和干物质、纤维组分消化率的影响。结果表明:高油玉米秸秆的水溶性糖、淀粉、粗脂肪含量和干物质、N DF、ADF消化率明显高于普通玉米秸秆P(<0.01),而NDFA、DF和木质素含量则低于普通玉米秸秆P(<0.01),饲料专用玉米秸秆的上述指标则介于二者之间。随籽粒成熟度的提高,高油玉米秸秆水溶性糖、淀粉、粗脂肪含量和干物质、NDF消化率呈直线规律提高L(P;<0.01),而NDF、ADF和木质素含量则直线规律下降L(;P<0.001),其中,4/4乳线期的水溶性糖、淀粉含量和干物质消化率分别比l/2乳线期提高26.5倍、2.4倍和22.7%,而NDF、ADF和木质素分别比1/2乳线期减少24.1%、30.6%和38.4%。随籽粒成熟期的延长,普通玉米品种秸秆的水溶性糖、淀粉含量和干物质NDF消化率直线下降L(;P<0.01),而NDF、ADF和木质素含量直线提高L(P;<0.05)。饲料专用玉米秸秆的营养成分和活体外消化率指标介于高油和普通玉米秸秆之间。本试验结果表明,高油玉米秸秆具有营养物质含量高和消化率高的特点,是反刍动物理想的粗饲料和青贮饲料原料。     

放牧条件下绒山羊绒毛季节性生长变化规律的研究

本试验研究放牧条件下绒山羊绒毛季节性生长变化的规律。选择体重及产绒性能相近的2.5岁内蒙古白绒山羊羯羊10只,随机均分为2组,分别接受自然光照和短光照处理,短光照组每天的光照时间比自然光照组减少2小时,两组试羊在同一草场放牧。结果表明,放牧条件下,随牧草营养值下降(CP含量13.9%～6.0%)和光照递减(14.6～9.4h/d),绒毛生长呈慢—快—慢增长模式,主要的生长期在9月下旬～12月上旬,11月份为高峰期;减少光照可刺激绒毛生长,使快速生长的时间提前至8月下旬,绒毛长度增加10.9%,但生长模式不变。绒毛细度(14.6～14.9μm)和强度(6.9～5.9g)不受季节影响,但绒毛伸度下降54.3%;减少光照不改变绒毛强度和伸度,但绒毛细度增加5.6%、产绒量提高12.5%。     

长期定位试验中化肥与有机肥结合效应研究

21a试验表明,化肥有机肥结合施用表现出的增产率、供肥率均大于二者分别单施。有机肥与N素化肥结合效果最显著,连应值1.33,增产率大于二者单施之和,比单施平均增产55.4%;与P素化肥连应值为0.90,比单施平均增产19.3%;与K素化肥连应值为0.57,比单施平均增产8.4%。与N素配施N素残留率26.5%～35.1%,土壤全N、速效N比单施提高9.3%～73.3%和10.1%～46.9%;与P素配施P残留率68.3%～69.7%,土壤全P、速效P比单施提高5.3%～26.6%和200%～207%;与K素配施土壤K素亏缺量年均降低28.8%～78.5%,土壤速效钾比单施提高84.6%～128%。配施土壤有机质比单施提高41.8%～56.8%。     

不同取样尺度农田土壤速效养分空间变异特征初步研究

以3种取样间距(100m、50m、25m)进行网格取样,对土壤速效养分的空间变异性进行研究。结果表明:取样间距对土壤速效养分的含量水平、变异系数影响不显著;取样间距对合理取样数目具有一定的影响,合理取样数目分别为:碱解氮(71)、速效磷(36)、速效钾(18)。土壤速效养分的空间变异性主要受结构因素影响,但碱解氮与速效磷受随机因素影响强于速效钾。利用Kriging内插法绘制了不同取样间距土壤速效养分的等值线图。     

耕作方式和钾肥用量对旱作马铃薯产量及水肥利用率的影响

2019年,在宁夏南部旱作马铃薯种植区,通过田间试验研究了传统耕作与粉垄耕作下不同钾肥用量(0、45、90、135、180 kg/hm2)对马铃薯干物质累积、产量及水肥利用率的影响.结果表明:与传统耕作相比,粉垄耕作马铃薯的干物质累积量明显提高,干物质最大累积速率和平均累积速率分别提高了33.3％和31.0％,施钾90...     

黄土丘陵区沙棘人工林土壤养分及酶活性季节变化

为分析不同年限沙棘人工林的土壤养分和酶活性的时空变化规律,采用时空互代法,以志丹县金丁镇不同种植年限沙棘人工林(20年生沙棘林、15年生沙棘林、5年生沙棘林)为研究对象,以谷子地作为对照,研究了土壤养分和酶活性季节变化、空间分布及其相关关系。结果表明：随着种植年限的增加,沙棘人工林显著地增加了土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾和酶活性。土壤养分和酶活性具有表聚性,随着土层加深含量在下降且土层间差异显著。沙棘人工林和谷子地土壤养分和酶活性均有明显的季节变化特征。0—30 cm土层土壤有机质表现为春季和秋季较高,夏季和冬季较低。碱解氮和有效磷均为春季最高,秋季最低,而有效钾为冬季最高,夏季最低。土壤脲酶季节变化规律为春夏较高,秋冬季较低。蔗糖酶活性春冬季较高,夏秋季较低。过氧化氢酶呈现出与脲酶和蔗糖酶不同的响应特征。土壤养分与土壤酶相关性密切,土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶可以作为评价土壤肥力的指标。综上,在陕北黄土丘陵区,营造沙棘林年限越长,提高土壤养分和酶活性效果越明显。     

紫色土坡耕地侵蚀耕层土壤养分变化特征

通过设置侵蚀模拟小区,研究紫色土坡耕地耕层质量退化过程中土壤养分的变化特征。以三峡库区紫色土坡耕地侵蚀耕层土壤为研究对象,基于铲土侵蚀模拟法建立5种侵蚀程度(0,5,10,15,20 cm)和2种管理措施[不施肥(CK)、常规耕作(F)]的原位试验,采用田间原位检测、土壤化学性质分析等手段,对常规耕作侵蚀耕层土壤养分的恢复效应和土壤养分的年际变化趋势进行研究。结果表明：(1)耕层土壤养分各项指标均表现为F>CK,表明F较CK改善土壤养分效果较好,且对有机质、全氮和有效磷改善效果明显。(2)紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤养分主要富集在0—20 cm表土层,整体随侵蚀程度加剧,随剖面呈下降的趋势,F下0—30 cm土层土壤养分含量增加明显,对10—20 cm土层有机质含量增幅效果最优。(3)经过连续4年的定位试验,CK下有机质、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较背景值增长4.33%～15.89%,全氮含量较背景值无明显变化,全磷含量较背景值降低11.78%;F土壤养分含量较背景值增长4.51%～49.46%。研究成果可为坡耕地合理耕层调控途径、提高土地生产力提供基础参数。     

Assessing long term effects of compost fertilization on soil fertility and nitrogen mineralization rate

Background

Fertilization with organic waste compost can close the nutrient cycles between urban and rural environments. However, its effect on yield and soil fertility must be investigated.

Aim

This study investigated the long-term effect of compost on soil nutrient and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) concentration, nutrient budgets, and nitrogen (N) mineralization and efficiency.

Methods

After 21 years of annual compost application (100/400 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 [100BC/400BC]) alone and combined with mineral fertilization, soil was analyzed for pH, organic carbon (SOC), nutrient (total N and P, N_min, extractable CAL-P, CAL-K, and Mg), and PTE (Cu, Ni, Zn) concentrations. Yields were recorded and nutrient/PTE budgets and apparent net mineralization (ANM, only 2019) were calculated.

Results

N efficiency was the highest in maize and for mineral fertilization. Compost application led to lower N efficiencies, but increased ANM, SOC, pH, and soil N, and surpluses of N, P, and all PTEs. Higher PTE concentrations were only found in 400BC for Cu. Nutrient budgets correlated with soil nutrient concentration. A surplus of 16.1 kg P ha^–1 year^–1 and 19.5 kg K ha^–1 year^–1 resulted in 1 mg kg^–1 increase in CAL-P and CAL-K over 21 years.

Conclusion

Compost application supplies nutrients to crops with a minor risk of soil-accumulation of PTEs. However, the nutrient stoichiometry provided by compost does not match crop offtakes causing imbalances. Synchronization of compost N mineralization and plant N demand does not match and limits the yield effect. In winter wheat only 65–70% of N mineralization occurred during the growth period.     

Development of an express method for measuring soil nitrate,phosphate, potassium,and pH for future in-field application

Background

In practical farming, there is often a need for short-term availability of information on the soil nutrient status.

Aims

To develop a new express method for the extraction of major plant-available nutrients and measurement of soil nutrients. In future, this method shall serve for in-field measurements of soil samples with an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET).

Methods

Various extraction conditions such as type of extractant, soil-to-solution ratio, time, and intensity were investigated on a broad selection of dried soil samples in the laboratory. Based on 83 field-moist soil samples with varying clay contents, these conditions were compared to standard laboratory methods.

Results

With increasing extraction time, the nutrient concentrations increased. When the soil-to-solution ratio was reduced, a greater share of nutrients was extracted, independent of soil type. H₂O and 0.01 M CaCl₂ and standard calcium-acetate-lactate (CAL) solution proved to be too weak in the short period to reach the ISFET sensor measurement range. Higher concentrated CAL solutions performed much better. Finally, a 5-min CaCl₂ extraction followed by the removal of an aliquot for the determination of soil pH and NO₃⁻ was found to be effective. The remaining solution was then mixed with 0.20 M CAL solution for the analysis of H₂PO₄⁻ and K⁺ at 10 min of extra extraction time. This extraction method showed very good correlations with the values based on the German laboratory reference methods for pH (R² = 0.91) and for nitrate (R² = 0.95). For phosphorus and potassium, we obtained an R² of 0.70 and 0.81, respectively, for all soils. When soils were grouped according to clay content higher correlations were found.

Conclusions

A new express method based on a wet-chemical approach with a soil preparation procedure was successfully developed and validated. This seems to be a valuable basis for future in-field measurements via ISFET.     

施氮对新灌区不同间套种植模式产量及茬口养分特性的影响

在甘肃秦王川新灌区的大田试验表明，春小麦//蚕豆、春小麦/油菜、春小麦/马铃薯及春小麦//草木樨等4种间套种植模式均能提高农田的生产力；豆料作物与牧草显著地改善耕层的茬口养分特性，草木樨茬口不但速效养分含量高于其他模式，对提高土壤有机质和降低土壤容重也有明显效果。施氮能显著提高各种植模式的综合经济产量，但过量施氮时增产效果又有所下降，且在各茬口的速效磷含量产生较弱的负效应。