陇东黄土丘陵区梯田土壤养分评价——以甘肃庄浪县为例

【目的】从县域尺度对陇东黄土丘陵区梯田土壤养分进行评价,为黄土丘陵区梯田土壤培肥、粮食产量增加提供科学依据。【方法】以庄浪县耕地质量评价数据为数据源,共采集3 839个样点,且采样点均匀覆盖全县农田,通过主成分分析和方差成分估计模块分析了陇东黄土区梯田土壤大量养分（有机质、全磷、全氮、缓效钾、速效磷、碱解氮、速效钾）和微量养分（有效铜、有效锌、有效锰、有效铁、有效硼）分布特征及其影响因素。【结果】1）庄浪县梯田土壤全磷和速效磷含量处于高水平,速效钾含量处于较高水平,有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量处于中等水平。土壤大量养分综合指数处于较低、中等和较高级别的样本数分别占有效样本数的14.45%,65.89%和19.66%。2）庄浪县梯田土壤有效铜、有效锰和有效铁含量为中等水平,有效锌和有效硼含量处于中下水平,且有较大面积的土壤缺硼。土壤微量养分综合指数处于较低、中等和较高级别的样本数分别占有效样本数的32.53%,63.35%和4.12%。3）土壤类型对土壤大量养分空间变异的贡献率达51.81%,海拔影响次之,其贡献率为23.60%。随着海拔的升高,土壤大量养分综合指数在较高水平样本所占比例相应增加。4）土壤微量养分空间变异性与土壤类型、土壤质地、海拔有关,土壤类型对微量养分空间变异的贡献率最高,为69.41%,土壤质地、海拔的贡献率分别为17.65%,11.76%。随着海拔的升高,土壤微量养分综合指数在中高水平所占比例总体降低。【结论】陇东黄土丘陵区梯田土壤大量养分和微量养分整体处于中等水平,有较大面积的土壤缺硼。梯田土壤养分的空间变异主要受土壤类型和海拔的影响。     

Top-spraying soybean meal-based diets with phytase improves protein and mineral digestibilities but not lysine utilization in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Two digestibility trials and two growth trials were carried out to evaluate the influence of top‐sprayed phytase on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein and mineral and utilization in rainbow trout fed with soybean meal‐based diets. In Trial 1, a semi‐purified diet containing 50% soybean meal was supplemented with graded levels of phytase (0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 U kg^?1 diet), and fed to triplicate groups of fish. In Trial 2, commercial‐type extruded feeds containing 36% soybean meal with either 0 or 2000 U phytase kg^?1 were fed to five replicate groups of fish. Phytase clearly decreased phytic acid content of feces from 35 to 5 mg and from 34 to 14 mg phytic acid per g faecal dry matter in Trials 1 and 2 respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficient of P improved from 23% to 83% in Trial 1 and from 35% to 54% in Trial 2 by phytase. Apparent protein increased by 1.2% and 3.2%‐units by phytase in Trials 1 and 2. Zinc digestibility was significantly increased in Trial 1, but not in Trial 2. Trials 3 and 4 were conducted to evaluate the influence of phytase on dietary P (Trial 3) and lysine (Trial 4) utilization. Three diets were prepared for each trial: P (Trial 3)‐ or lysine (Trial 4)‐deficient basal diets, basal diets with phytase supplementation (2000 U kg^?1) and P (Trial 3)‐ or lysine (Trial 4)‐fortified diets. Rainbow trout (initial weight 20 g) were fed for 10 weeks using four and six replicates for Trials 3 and 4 respectively. Phytase increased P utilization in Trial 3 as demonstrated by an increase in vertebra ash from 24.1% to 45.4%, and by an increase in weight gain from 243% to 459% of the initial weight. Phytase did not increase lysine utilization, since neither protein retention nor weight gain were enhanced by phytase. Supplemental lysine increased protein retention and weight gain to 43.1% and 514%, respectively, and also decreased whole‐body lipid contents significantly from 120 to 123 g kg^?1 in fish fed the basal diet and phytase‐supplemented diet to 106 g kg^?1 in fish fed with lysine‐fortified diet.     

Long term studies on bone mineral changes during different lactations in Swedish dairy cattle

Changes in the bone mineral content (BMG) during the first 4 lactations were continuously studied between July 1977 and February 1982 in a total number of 103 dairy cows of different breeds and rearing intensities. The BMG was measured by dichromatic photon absorptiometry in 2 coccygeal vertebrae. Although great individual variations were found, the changes in BMG during the lactation followed a typical pattern with high values during the dry period and low values after calving and during mid-lactation. The influence of body weight on the BMC value is discussed. The changes in BMC were more accentuated during the first lactation, as compared to the subsequent lactations. This could indicate a metabolically more active skeleton in younger cows. In this study no difference in BMC pattern was observed between cows affected or not affected by parturient paresis.     

花粉中矿物质研究

测定了哈密瓜，东北珍珠梅，杏等14种花粉中地Fe,Zn,Cu,Mn,Cd,Pb,Co,Ni,Ca,Mg,K,Na,P及Se14种元素含量，并对油菜，茶及玉米花粉中稀土元素含量进行检测。     

奶牛秸秆型日粮矿物质营养水平评价

对淄博地区奶牛营养两次调查过程中,发现秸杆型日粮饲喂的奶牛可能存在矿物质缺乏问题。针对这一问题,测定日粮中钙、磷、铜、锰、铁、锌和奶牛血液中铜、锰、铁、锌元素的浓度,用以评价秸杆型日粮奶牛矿物质营养水平。结果表明:①秸杆型日粮存在矿物质营养不平衡问题,锰、锌元素不足,铁元素过剩。②秸杆型日粮矿物质营养具有互补作用。③评价奶牛矿物质营养水平的手段有待改进。     

Genetic variation in bitter pit and fruit calcium concentrations within a diverse apple germplasm collection

Summary Genetic variability in the apple [Malus] fruit disorder bitter pit and fruit calcium concentrations ([Ca]) was determined in 25 seedling families at each of two sites from 1999 to 2000 and again for one site, in 2001. Most trees were free of pit or had low pit incidence, which could be approximated by an over-dispersed binomial distribution. A genetic component to external and internal pit incidence was found across both sites and all years. This effect was irrespective of the use of several cropping factors, average fruit weight or fruit mineral concentrations as covariates in the analyses. Year and/or site always had substantial effects on pit incidence. Interactions of genetic effects with site or year were also detected with large differences in mean pit incidence between sites or years for some families but not others. No relationship was found between mean family pit incidence and mean family [Ca] or mean family harvest date. However fruit [Ca] and harvest date were usually important predictors of within-family variation in pit incidence. For any one seedling, family had the largest effect on bitter pit incidence followed by site and [Ca] and the smallest effect was that of harvest date. [Ca] showed a strong genetic component and estimated family means of [Ca] were consistent at different sites and years. These results suggest that susceptibility of apple genotypes to bitter pit in breeding programmes may be best assessed through screening across multiple sites and seasons. Fruit [Ca] might be useful as an indirect selection index for bitter pit within, but not among families.     

Forage Chicory: A Plant Resource for Nutrient-Rich Sites

Grazing livestock create localized nutrient patches that increase soil ionic strength (IS) and influence plant productivity. The ability of plant root systems to control ion absorption and flux to xylem, and to sequester ions reaching leaf tissue in bound, nontoxic forms are means of minimizing IS. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the growth and mineral acquisition responses of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv. Grasslands Puna) to increasing (0.9, 4, 8, and 12 dS m^?1) IS in the rhizosphere obtained by additions of NaCl/CaCl₂ (1 : 1 m ratio). Plants were harvested four times after planting (20, 27, 34 and 41 d) to identify responses as a function of time. Increased accumulation and localization of Na in roots in comparison to shoots suggested that chicory restricted Na transport to shoots, and that insoluble Na in tissues increased with increasing IS. Soluble cations in shoots were about 50 % of total cations, irrespective of rhizosphere IS and Na uptake. Differences in the cation:anion ratio could not be accounted for by organic acid concentrations in chicory, but substantial accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates as fructans in roots could contribute to charge balance. Our results demonstrate that forage chicory has moderate tolerance to IS, suggesting that it might be a useful species for sites with potential for IS. Chicory growth would probably be sustained under IS conditions, and the resultant vigorous growth and accumulation of mineral nutrients in shoots would contribute to acceptable nutritive value for grazing livestock. Plants capable of growing in and acquiring nutrients from nutrient‐laden patches in the sward would help minimize erosion and nutrient transport, with positive benefits for water and soil quality.     

Sulphate Attack Resistance of the Concrete with Additives and Its Assessment

The influence of three kinds of additives: silica fume,slag and fly ash on the sulphate attack resistance of concrete were studied.The experiment results show that these three kinds of additives can improve sulphate attack resistance of the concrete and the order of their efficiency from high to low is silica fume,slag and fly ash;the development of mortar expansion value is closely related to the degree of sulphate attack resistance of the concrete;integrated assessing two concrete properties: mortar expansion value and compressive strength ratio can more exactly assess the sulphate attack resistance of the concrete.     

土壤通气性对甘薯养分吸收、~(14)C同化物分配及产量的影响

选用鲁薯 7号和徐薯 1 8为材料 ,研究了土壤通气性对甘薯无机养分吸收、14 C 同化物分配和块根产量的影响。结果表明 :改善土壤的通气性可以增加叶片中钾、钙、锰、硼和锌的含量 ,增加块根中钾和钙的含量 ,减少块根中锰、硼和锌的含量 ,促进14 C 同化物由叶片向块根的运转和分配 ,提高块根中淀粉含量 ,极显著地提高了块根的产量。本文讨论了矿质元素在促进14 C 同化物由叶片向块根运输中的作用