阿瓦提灌区水土资源现状及其优化配置战略措施

在分析阿瓦提灌区水土资源现状的基础上,探讨限额配水条件下该灌区水土资源的新平衡及可持续利用。结合RS、GIS技术,应用水盐平衡模型,从区域的4个水平衡和盐平衡等多个角度,首先模拟分析了1990~2004年该灌区的水土资源平衡现状;然后,根据灌区近期规划,设置情景方案预测分析了该灌区未来15年的水土资源平衡,进而提出水土资源开发利用与优化配置战略。预测结果表明,如果增加灌区内1.73×104hm2弃耕地或已开垦的未耕地,在调整种植结构和加大节水力度的同时,优先开发利用约1.1×108m3地下水与限额的地表引水统一调配灌溉,基本可保证新的供需平衡,但用水形势相当严峻。     

为跨世纪土壤学的发展作出新贡献──第15届国际土壤学会会议综述

本文介绍了第１５届国际土壤学会会议概况及土壤学跨世纪的发展趋势，并对土壤学跨世纪所面临的任务作了综合分析，提出了新的见解。     

Completion of the agronomic evaluations of Medicago ruthenica [(L.) Ledebour] germplasm collected in Inner Mongolia

Because Medicago ruthenica [(L.) Ledebour] is a potential new forage legume, we collected 90 accessions in Inner Mongolia in 1991. The 40 accessions evaluated in this study (E2) trace to 13 collection sites ranging from 40° 40 (N) × 111° 15 (E) to 42° 55 (N) × 122° 20 (E) and to altitudes ranging from 175 to 1493 m. Nineteen of these accessions were collected from new or under-represented sites in generally milder and drier climates (temperate desert steppes), compared to the 50 accessions evaluated earlier (E1). All accessions were evaluated at Beltsville, MD (USA) on a B and K deficient Iuka sandy loam (coarse-loamy, siliceous, acid, thermic, Aquic Udigluvent; pH 6.4) in two-year studies. Significant variation was noted in E1 and E2 for dry matter yield, growth habit, leaf shape, and plant height and width. Upright growth habit and leaf narrowness, and procumbency and yield were positively correlated in both evaluations, but no particular leaf shape or growth habit was correlated with tolerance to winter conditions. In E2, leaf:stem ratios of four M. ruthenica accessions and a cultivated alfalfa (M. sativa L.) check were not significantly different, but M. ruthenica was significantly more tolerant of potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris) feeding than was M. sativa. Second-year alfalfa dry matter yield was about five times larger than that of M. ruthenica. Many of the highest yielding accessions were collected near cultivated fields and/or buildings. Although data for both evaluations demonstrated the same basic trends, there were sufficient deviations to emphasize the value of evaluating the entire germplasm collection.     

Isozyme analysis of genetic diversity in wild Sicilian populations of Brassica sect. Brassica in view of genetic resources management

In Sicily and in the small surrounding islands the section Brassica of the genus Brassica comprises five species, B. insularis Moris, B. incana Ten., B. macrocarpa Guss., B. rupestris Raf. and B. villosa Biv. These taxa represent a genetic resource as relatives of kale crops but some populations are endangered or threatened, thus isozyme analyses were performed to assess the genetic diversity degree at population and species levels in order to assist the design of conservation management programs.Eleven loci from five enzyme systems (aconitase, leucine aminopeptidase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucoisomerase phosphoglucomutase) were analyzed in sixteen natural population (fifteen from Sicily, one from Calabria). Mean within-population genetic diversity was moderate (P = 41%, A = 1.54, H = 0.16). In some cases a great number of heterozygous individuals were detected, in other cases fixation index (F) deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg genotypic expectations.A total of 37 alleles was recognized, six of which resulted exclusive to single populations. The among-population component of the total genetic diversity (Gst mean values) for each species was 0.30–0.37, indicating genetic differentiation among populations.Among B. villosa and B. rupestris populations genetic distance values resulted rather low and they resulted high with B. incana and B. macrocarpa populations.The results are discussed with regard to the distribution of the genetic diversity level and the genetic resources management.     

Diversity for abiotic and biotic stress resistance in the wild annual Cicer species

Data on 228 accessions of eight annual wild Cicer species and 20 cultivated chickpea check lines were evaluated for diversity in response to six of the most serious biotic and abiotic stresses which reduce crop yield and production stability of chickpea, i.e., ascochyta blight, fusarium wilt, leaf miner, bruchid, cyst nematode, and cold. Relative frequencies of score reactions to the above six stresses were recorded from all the annual wild Cicer species and the cultivated taxon. Patterns of distribution and amount of variation of the resistance reactions differed between stresses and species. C. bijugum, C. pinnatifidum and C. echinospermum showed accessions with at least one source of resistance (1 to 4 score reactions) to each stress. Overall, C. bijugum showed the highest frequencies of the highest categories of resistance. Next in performance was C. pinnatifidum followed by C. judaicum, C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum. Furthermore, C. bijugum had the highest number of accessions with multiple resistance to the six stresses; two accessions were resistant to five stresses and 16 to four. According to the Shannon-Weaver diversity indices (H), five species showed discrete mean diversity indices which varied from 0.649 in C. pinnatifidum to 0.526 in C. judaicum, whereas C. chorassanicum, C. cuneatum and C. yamashitae showed the lowest Hs, which were respectively 0.119, 0.174 and 0.216. Pair-wise correlations among the six biotic and abiotic stresses showed the possibility of combining these resistances. Interestingly, multiple resistant accessions were predominantly of Turkish origin.     

鄂西山区农业气候资源调查,分析与利用的研究

对鄂西山区的农业气候资源进行了调查和考察，在整理、分析的基础上编制了气候资料图表；根据当地农作物种植情况，森林资源、特用植物、中草药的自然分布和山区农业气候资源状况，对如何利用山区农业气候资源进行了一些初步研究。     

湿地生态旅游资源的开发与保护研究——以河南省黄河湿地为例

论述了开展湿地生态旅游可行性和必要性的基础上,以河南省黄河湿地为例,分析了湿地生态旅游开发现状及存在问题,从科学规划、准确定位、完善设施、打造特色生态旅游产品、设计合理的旅游线路、培育生态旅游示范景区（点）等方面提出了河南省黄河湿地生态旅游开发与保护对策。     

水资源合理配置研究现状与发展趋势

 确保水资源的可持续利用,成为21世纪中国经济社会发展首要的资源环境问题,而要解决目前水资源的供需矛盾,实现水资源的可持续利用,必须进行水资源的合理配置。阐述水资源合理配置的研究内容、理论、方法、技术,分析国内外水资源合理配置的研究现状及存在问题,并对水资源合理配置的发展趋势作预测。     

河西走廊水资源问题的战略选择:建立节水型社会

 河西走廊水资源开发、利用中存在的突出问题是:水资源严重不足,供需矛盾突出;水资源的开发、利用大大超过了水资源的承载力;水资源配置不合理;水资源管理不科学,浪费现象严重;水利工程建设滞后,水资源利用率低;水质污染严重。在河西走廊建立节水型社会,应主要解决以下问题:改革水资源管理体制,实行水资源的统一管理;努力探索水资源市场化管理的途径;建立农民用水者协会参与式管理模式;大力调整农业产业结构,发展节水农业;加强节水水利工程建设,提高水资源利用率;控制污水排放,防止水质污染。