秸秆覆盖及播种方式对马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响

为明确西北旱作雨养农业区不同秸秆带状覆盖种植模式下马铃薯耗水规律、水分利用效率及产量的变化规律,以地膜覆盖和露地种植(CK)为对照,设置4种秸秆带状覆盖模式(①种植带和覆盖带各40 cm、单行播种,②种植带和覆盖带各40cm、双行播种,③种植带和覆盖带各50cm、单行播种,④种植带和覆盖带各50 cm、双行播种),研究不同秸秆带状覆盖模式对旱地马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆带状覆盖处理与CK相比,马铃薯薯块产量和水分利用效率平均分别显著提高34.0%、21.5%,分别平均较地膜覆盖显著降低31.3%、25.0%;其中40 cm覆盖种植结构产量和水分利用效率较50 cm覆盖种植结构分别明显提高4.5%和6.8%,双行播种较单行播种增产4.4%,二者水分利用效率无明显差异。秸秆带状覆盖条件下,播种—现蕾阶段的耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数平均较CK显著降低14.5%、15.2%、15.4%,平均较地膜覆盖显著增加20.9%、19.0%、31.5%;与CK相比,现蕾—块茎膨大阶段耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数无显著性差异,相比于地膜覆盖,则分别平均显著减少20.7%、22.2%、13.9%;块茎膨大—成熟阶段分别平均较CK显著提高51.7%、52.4%、50.0%。同时,相比于CK,单薯重、商品薯率分别显著提高17.3%、31.8%,单株结薯数和小薯率降低7.5%、17.6%。可见,秸秆带状覆盖栽培可通过降低现蕾前的耗水和增加块茎膨大后的耗水,一定程度上缓解马铃薯植株后期对水分的需求,延长块茎膨大后植株光合作用,提高有机物的积累量,从而提高薯块产量和水分利用效率。而秸秆带状覆盖中,单行种植以种植带∶覆盖带=40 cm︰40 cm最好,双行种植以种植带︰覆盖带=50 cm︰50 cm较适宜。     

草地空斑对种苗建植影响的研究进展

草地空斑(gap)为种苗建植提供了适合的微生境,对种苗建植起着重要作用.介绍了种苗建植和空斑的概念及空斑的功能分类,从空斑对种子萌发、种苗出苗和存活的影响等方面,概述了草地空斑对种苗建植的影响,提出了今后研究的建议,为开展草地空斑和种苗建植研究提供参考.     

不同灌水施肥条件对苹果生长发育及产量品质的影响

为筛选苹果生长发育所需的最佳灌水施肥组合,选取长势一致的11年生岩富10/M26为试验材料,设置2个施肥量：F1(0 kg/hm²)、F2(施肥量1 050 kg/hm²:20-20-20平衡型水溶肥);设置4个灌水量：零灌水W1(0 m³/hm²)、低水W2(74.4 m³/hm²)、中水W3(148.8 m³/hm²)、高水W4(223.2 m³/hm²),共8个处理,灌水施肥方式为条施,在苹果生长发育过程中进行3次灌水施肥。结果表明,F2W4的产量最高,为14 237.71 kg/hm²,较F1W1(对照)的产量增加了26.68%,F2W4处理收益最高,纯收益为8.02万元/hm²,较F1W1(对照)处理纯收益净增1.04万元/hm²。灌水施肥对果实品质有显著的影响,表现为：果实红绿指数a^...     

不同播期对西蒙185产量影响的研究

2021年在陕西渭南地区以玉米西蒙185为供试材料,共设置8个播期,研究播期对西蒙185果穗性状及产量的影响,确定西蒙185的最佳播期,旨在为西蒙185的高产栽培及进一步的推广应用提供理论支撑。研究发现,随着播种时间的推迟,玉米产量呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,在5月8日播种的玉米产量最高,达到12 204.00 kg/hm²。经回归分析发现最佳播期在5月8日～18日之间。     

不同扦插方式对“商薯19”产量影响研究

为挖掘“商薯19”的增产潜力,以商洛市农户常用的竖插法为对照,采用单株水平扦插法、双株水平扦插法栽培“商薯19”。结果发现双株水平扦插法总产量最高(3 037.81 kg/667 m²),与竖插法产量(1 838.7 kg/667 m²)差异显著(P<0.05)。进一步统计不同扦插方式的大、中薯数量、产量及大、中薯率发现,双株水平扦插法主要通过增加大薯产量和中薯数量来达到增产效果。双株水平扦插法能够同时适应生产淀粉和鲜食的需求,有必要进一步试验、示范和推广。     

Comparative effects of deficit irrigation (DI) and partial rootzone drying (PRD) on soil water distribution,water use,growth and yield in greenhouse grown hot pepper

This study was conducted to compare two water-saving practices, deficit irrigation (DI) and partial rootzone drying (PRD), and examine how they affected soil water distribution, water use, growth and yield of greenhouse grown hot pepper compared to commercial irrigation (CI). Control (CI) in which irrigation water was applied to both sides of the system when soil water content was lower by 80% of field capacity; deficit irrigation (DI50, DI75) in which 50% and 75% irrigation water of CI supplied to both sides of the root system; 1PRD with half of the root system exposed to soil drying and other half kept well-watered with 50% irrigation water of CI, and 2PRD with 50% irrigation water of CI supplied, half to fixed side of the root system. The results showed mean soil volumetric water content of DI75, DI50, 1PRD and 2PRD were lower by 21.06%, 28.32%, 24.48% and 34.76%, respectively than that of CI after starting the experiment. Water consumption showed some significant effect of irrigation treatments during the growing period of drought stress application, and therefore decreased in DI75, DI50, 1PRD and 2PRD to a level around 75% and 50% of CI. All the DI and PRD treatments resulted in a reduction of total dry mass of 7.29–44.10%, shoot biomass of 24.97–47.72% compared to CI, but an increase in the root–shoot ratio of 12.50–35.42% compared to the control and with significant differences between 2PRD, 1PRD, DI50 and CI. The yield of 1PRD was significantly reduced by 23.98% compared to CI (19,566 kg hm⁻²) over a period of 109 days after transplanting. However, the 1PRD treatment had 17.21% and 24.54% additional yield over the DI50 and 2PRD treatments and had 52.05% higher irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) than CI treatment. At harvest, although there was a significant difference recorded as single fruit weight and single fruit volume were reduced under the DI and PRD treatments, total soluble solids concentration of fruit harvested under the water-deficit treatments were higher compared to CI. Stomatal conductance measured in fresh leaf was the lowest under 1PRD treatment relative to CI and other treatments. The low stomatal conductance of fresh-leaf issue observed in the work supported the root signaling mechanism reported earlier in plants having undergone partial root drying cycles.     

栽培方式对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

以马铃薯郑薯6号为材料,进行4种不同栽培方式的比较试验,探讨不同栽培方式对其生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,以垄栽覆盖地膜方式马铃薯的出苗率最高,成熟期最早,植株最高,分枝数最多;但茎粗、叶面积指数、匍匐茎长、产量和单株生物学产量则以浅旋耕覆盖稻草方式最高;商品薯率以传统垄栽方式最高。不同栽培方式下,除蛋白质含量外,马铃薯的干物质、淀粉、还原糖以及VC含量等品质指标均以浅旋耕覆盖稻草方式最高。因此,生产上采用浅旋耕覆盖稻草栽培方式,有利于提高马铃薯的产量和品质。     

沼肥与化肥配合施用对黄瓜生长发育的影响

通过田间施肥试验研究了沼肥对黄瓜产量和品质的影响.结果表明: 施沼肥处理可比纯化肥处理延长黄瓜结果期5～14 d,以沼液30 t/hm2、沼渣15 t/hm2的用量施用沼肥可节省40%的化肥,产量不降低,且维生素、可溶糖等品质因素指标有所提高,并对黄瓜霜霉病有防治作用.     

那氏778诱导剂浸种对西葫芦生长发育及产量品质的影响

以清水浸种为对照,进行了不同浓度那氏778诱导剂浸种试验.结果表明:那氏 778诱导剂浸种处理后西葫芦种子出苗速度变慢,出苗率略有降低;但出苗后,适宜浓度的诱导剂浸种处理其生育进程加快,第一雌花出现和开花时间较早,果实生长速度快且坐果率高,根瓜采收提前1～6 d,第1次采收量和总产量均比对照明显增加,以浓度为1:60的处理增产最为显著,第1次采收量和总产量比对照分别增产78.8%和23.5%.适宜浓度的那氏778诱导剂浸种后畸形果率降低,且有利于改善品质,可溶性糖、维生素C、蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量均比对照有所提高,硝酸盐含量下降.同时,经那氏778诱导剂浸种的处理,抗灰霉病的能力明显提高,灰霉病发生率比对照减少26.9%～62.6%;综合考虑上述诸方面因素,以浸种浓度1:60的处理诱导效果最好.     

京郊露地生菜的最佳施肥量研究

采用"3414"试验对不同氮、磷、钾水平下的生菜产量及养分最佳投入量进行分析,通过肥料效应方程对氮、磷、钾的肥料效应进行分析,结果表明:采用线性加平台拟合氮肥效应时,最佳施氮量为139.5 kg/hm2,最佳产量为18.82 t/hm2.由一元二次模型拟合磷、钾的施肥效应得出在试验地块的基础地力下,施磷肥有部分的增产效果,但施钾肥不增产,说明增施钾肥没有效果.