Ethoxylated rapeseed oil derivatives as novel adjuvants for herbicides

Ethoxylates of rapeseed oil and of methylated rapeseed oil were synthesized and tested as adjuvants for 2,4-D and phenmedipham. Provided they had less than 6 units of ethylene oxide (EO), 1.0 to 10 g litre(-1) ethoxylates in water induced droplet spreading on barley leaves. In an acetone-based medium all derivatives strongly promoted the foliar uptake of 2,4-D, with no clear influence of the ethoxylation degree. In the same medium there was a negative influence of ethoxylate chain length on the foliar uptake of phenmedipham. In a water-based medium, phenmedipham applied with rapeseed oil emulsified with ethoxylated (20 EO) rapeseed oil displayed uptake rates close to a commercial preparation. The same was true for phenmedipham applied with ethoxylated (2 EO) methylated rapeseed oil. In bioassays, phenmedipham prepared with methylated rapeseed oil emulsified with ethoxylated (20 EO) rapeseed oil was as efficacious on barley as a commercial formulation. The same was true for phenmedipham prepared with ethoxylated (2 EO) methylated rapeseed oil. However, neither rapeseed oil nor methylated rapeseed oil emulsified with ethoxylated (2 EO) methylated rapeseed oil conferred good efficacy to phenmedipham. Hence, ethoxylated rapeseed oil derivatives are promising adjuvants or formulants for herbicides.     

北极狐多巴胺受体D1基因的克隆测序

为了获得北极狐多巴胺受体D1基因序列,给北极狐自咬行为提供理论依据。采用聚合酶链式反应方法,从北极狐耳组织扩增出多巴胺受体D1基因的部分外显子序列,并对其进行克隆测序,将该序列提交到Genebank上。Genebank中的Blast分析表明,北极狐多巴胺D1受体基因与家狗(Canis familiaris)的同源性为99%,与牛(Bos taurus)的同源性为93%,与人(Homo sapiens)的同源性为92%。     

维生素A和维生素D对动物基因表达的影响

本文在介绍维生素A和维生素D营养生理功能的基础上,综述了维生素A和维生素D对相关基因表达的调控及其主要机制。     

D型魏氏梭菌毒素研究进展

魏氏梭菌病是由魏氏梭菌引起的一种重要的人兽共患传染病。可导致各种动物的肠毒血症或坏死性肠炎,D型魏氏梭菌病包括牛、羔羊、绵羊、山羊以及灰鼠的肠毒血症等。D型魏氏梭菌所产的毒素是引起动物死亡的重要因素之一,本文综述了D型魏氏梭菌毒素的结构、功能以及检测方法的研究进展。     

Genetic diversity decreases as population density declines: Implications of temporal variation in mitochondrial haplotype frequencies in a natural population of Tscherskia triton

Although the spatial genetic differentiation that occurs in animal populations has been extensively studied, information on temporal variations in genetic structure and diversity is still lacking, especially for animals with oscillating populations. In the present study, we used the mtDNA D‐loop sequence to assess the temporal genetic variation in samples from six successive years for the greater long‐tailed hamster, Tscherskia triton. Sampling was carried out between 1998 and 2003 in cropland on the North China Plain, China. A total of 108 individuals were analyzed. The temporal samples showed a high level of genetic diversity. Substantial genetic changes in haplotype frequencies over time were detected for the hamster population. Random genetic drift and migration are likely to be the major factors responsible for the observed temporal pattern. The genetic diversity of the hamster population was higher in years with higher population density, and lower in years with lower population density. The result supports our hypothesis that genetic diversity decreases when population density declines in animals whose population oscillates greatly between years. The combined effects of inbreeding and genetic drift caused by reproduction, dispersal and population size might play important roles in the observed changes in genetic structure and diversity between years.     

The carboxyterminal processing protease of D1 protein: Herbicidal activity of novel inhibitors of the recombinant and native spinach enzymes

The carboxyterminal processing protease of D1 protein (CtpA) is predicted to be an excellent target for the discovery of a general broad-spectrum herbicide. Directed and random screening of compounds against recombinant spinach CtpA (rCtpA) has led to the discovery of five different chemical classes of inhibitors. Lead compounds from each inhibitor class were investigated for their in vitro effects on the activities of both recombinant and native spinach CtpA. All of the lead compounds have K_i values of less than 50 μM when tested against rCtpA, and all except one showed competitive inhibition. Results from partially purified native CtpA from spinach were similar to those from the recombinant form of the enzyme, thus validating the use of rCtpA in the inhibitor screen. Compounds from three of the classes of CtpA inhibitors show in vivo herbicidal activity against Arabidopsis thaliana when applied either by addition to growth media or by spraying the leaves. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants which over-express CtpA showed greater resistance to the compounds than wild-type plants providing evidence that these inhibitors are directly acting against CtpA.     

猪CTSD全长cDNA的克隆和表达分析

以人CTSD mRNA全长序列为基序,在db EST库中搜索同源性大于80%、重叠大于40个碱基的猪EST下载经Seqman软件装配后,利用RT-PCR扩增到猪CTSD基因部分cDNA序列,进一步通过RACE技术获得cDNA全长（GenBank登录号为DQ018727）,猪CTSD基因cDNA全长2032 bp包括93 bp 5′UTR区、706 bp 3′UTR区和1 233bp ORF,编码410个氨基酸残基。其编码区与人、鼠、牛、羊CTSD编码区同源性分别为87.9%、78.2%、86.6%和85.0%,其氨基酸序列与人、鼠、牛、羊氨基酸序列同源性分别为86.6%、80.1%、86.0%和84.7%。疏水性分析和信号肽预测发现猪CTSD氨基酸序列存在至少7个疏水性区域,信号肽位点为第1-20个氨基酸残基。在NCBI进行Blast P搜索结果显示猪CTSD氨基酸结构中含有Asn（Asparagine,天门冬酰胺）结构域,与天冬氨酸蛋白酶3D结构同源性高达99.7%,具有真核生物天冬氨酸蛋白酶的典型结构。以猪多组织RNA池为模板,以1026 bp部分cDNA序列作为杂交探针进行Northern杂交,得到一条2000 bp左右特异条带,从而验证了RACE产物为全长cDNA并揭示该基因只有一个转录本。为了研究猪CTSD基因在体内不同组织内表达的特点,采用半定量RT-PCR对CTSD基因在猪10个组织中的表达进行研究,结果表明在10个组织中均有表达,且表达量与-βactin内参接近。     

小麦秆锈菌新小种Ug99及其对我国的影响分析

Ug99(TTKS)是1999年在乌干达首次发现的对最重要小麦抗秆锈病基因Sr31有强毒力的秆锈菌新小种。大量证据显示:该小种不仅具有极其特殊的毒力组合而且传播十分迅速,除在中非乌干达、东非肯尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、苏丹流行外,Ug99现已越过红海、传到了阿拉伯国家也门,以及巴基斯坦的沿海地区,越来越逼近我国。Ug99堪称我国的超毒小种,我国最典型的秆锈菌小种只能分别克服或Sr5或Sr9 e或Sr11单基因抗性,而Ug99不仅具有Sr5、Sr9 e、Sr11的联合毒力,而且还具有Sr21、Sr31、Sr38的联合毒力,而我国从未有小种能克服后者的抗性。1B/1L(含Sr31)易位系曾是我国使用的重要秆锈抗源,必对Ug99高度脆弱,我国118份小麦品种在KARI的测定结果表明,高感品种频率98.3%。一旦Ug99入侵我国,其他流行条件也完全具备。因此,充分作好防范Ug99流行的准备十分必要。     

基于二维激光传感器无人直升机作业边界探测

无人机喷雾作业边界探测识别是无人直升机喷雾的重要内容,如果喷雾最大喷幅超过目标区域,会导致药液流失,造成环境的严重污染。为此,基于无人直升机平台,选取二维激光扫描传感器、姿态传感器等传感器搭建了一套二维激光扫描探测系统。该系统利用二维激光传感器探测无人直升机距离作物冠层和田埂的高度,计算冠层和田埂距离差值,并把高度差值作为分割阈值,实现无人直升机作业边界的提取,同时进行了田间试验验证。