提高小麦单产的田间排水暗管规格模拟

改进内蒙古河套灌区田间排水系统的规格对灌区提升作物产量和保障粮食生产有重要现实意义,因此,在河套灌区对所构建的分布式SWAP-WOFOST模型进行了参数率定和验证,然后,对2000—2010年灌区春小麦种植条件下适宜的田间排水暗管规格进行探讨,并模拟评价了该条件下作物产量和水分生产力(WP)的时空分布特征。结果表明,所构建的分布式模型在河套灌区具有较高的适应性。春小麦种植条件下,灌区大部分耕地面积推荐采用田间排水暗管的规格为间距100.0m或75.0m,埋深为2.5m。相比现有排水系统,采用推荐的排水暗管规格,春小麦多年平均作物产量提高了18.5%,多年平均WP提高5.2%。研究结果为进一步改进灌区田间排水系统的效果提供了一定的参考。     

集雨灌溉工程研究综述

集雨灌溉工程是对降雨进行收集、汇流,存储和进行节水灌溉的微型水利工程,主要解决农业生产缺水性问题.通过国内外集雨灌溉利用的研究和实践,较详细地阐述了集雨灌溉工程的主要研究内容:集水工程集雨面防渗材料的研究、蓄水工程中蓄水设施的防渗,水分蒸发处理,喷灌、滴灌、渗灌等灌溉技术.文章分析了目前集雨灌溉工程研究存在的问题并提出了发展研究方向.     

Evaluation of chemical disinfestants in reducing Verticillium dahliae conidia in irrigation water

Irrigation water disinfestation is an unexplored option for reducing Verticillium dahliae inoculum in water and consequently for more efficiently managing Verticillium wilts in Andalusia. We assessed Suppressive Efficacy (SE; water was infested and subsequently treated) and Preventive Efficacy (PE; previously treated water was subsequently inoculated) of OX-VIRIN^®, OX-AGUA AL 25^® and Deccoklor^® in reducing water infestations by V. dahliae conidia. Five concentrations of each disinfestant, the lowest three being recommended by the manufacturer, were tested in vitro against six V. dahliae isolates. Validation assays were carried out in experiments under natural environmental conditions in spring. The four highest concentrations of OX-VIRIN^® (0.8–51.2 mL L⁻¹), the three highest of OX-AGUA AL 25^® (46.4–417.5 μL L⁻¹) and the two highest of Deccoklor^® (0.375 and 3.75 mL L⁻¹), showed an in vitro-efficacy (SE and PE) of 96.2, 80.0 and 100.0% after 30, 5 to 30 and 15 days respectively. Therefore, recommended concentrations for OX-VIRIN^® and OX-AGUA AL 25^® showed a greater in vitro-effectiveness than those recommended for Deccoklor^®. Assays in natural environmental conditions proved that OX-VIRIN^® at the recommended concentration of 3.2-mL L⁻¹, applied every 28 days to water, was the most effective treatment (SE and PE), with a 100% reduction of the average relative viability after 56 days. Other chemical treatments showing high in vitro-efficacy, such as OX-VIRIN^® at 0.8 mL L⁻¹ and OX-AGUA AL 25^® at 46.4 μL L⁻¹ showed an SE of 99.9% after 14 and 28 days when applied every 28 and 14 days, respectively. However, PE of OX-AGUA AL 25^® at 46.4 μL L⁻¹ was only 59 and 38% after 28 and 14 days respectively, depending on the experiment.     

A 3-Year Adaptation Study of Three Distinct Grapevine Cultivars under Midwestern Field Conditions

Simultaneous responses of American (Concord), European (Pinot Noir), and American-European hybrid (Traminette) cultivars to seasonal and diurnal variation in field environmental conditions were assessed to propose suitable cultivars for potential use for selection and breeding in grapevines in dry areas. ‘Pinot Noir’ had higher gas exchange parameters, higher water potential, and chlorophyll fluorescence, while ‘Concord’ had the lowest values in all three seasons and experienced moderate stress by the end of each season. The dry conditions in 2005 caused water potential to decline sharply compared to values recorded in 2004 and 2006. ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Traminette’ exhibited a mild stress, while ‘Concord’ exhibited a moderate stress in 2006. Photosynthetic rate decreased slightly during the summer with a slight recovery at the beginning of September, and did not differ across the seasons among cultivars. Stomatal conductance followed the same pattern. However, in both 2004 and 2005, stomatal conductance dropped sharply late in the season because of frequently occurring high temperatures that were greater than 32 °C. Maximum morning values of Fv/Fm were within the optimal range. The study suggests the presence of marginal photoinhibition during mid-summer in Concord cultivars, because no full recovery of photochemical efficiency early in the evening was observed. The European cultivar (Pinot Noir) and the American-European hybrid (Traminette) are more adapted to field conditions in Kansas than Concord cultivars. However, high cold-mortality of Pinot Noir due to high sensitivity to cold winter temperature makes the hybrid cultivars the most suitable cultivar for Midwest regions with relatively cold winters.     

Incubation success and habitat selection of shore‐spawning kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka: effects of water‐level regulation and habitat characteristics

Changes to water‐level regimes have been known to restructure fish assemblages and interfere with the population dynamics of both littoral and pelagic species. The effect of altered water‐level regimes on shore‐spawning kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka incubation success was evaluated using a comprehensive in situ study in Lake Pend Oreille, ID, USA. Survival was not related to substrate size composition or depth, indicating that shore‐spawning kokanee do not currently receive a substrate‐mediated survival benefit from higher winter water levels. Substrate composition also did not differ among isobaths in the nearshore area. On average, the odds of an egg surviving to the preemergent stage were more than three times greater for sites in downwelling areas than those lacking downwelling. This study revealed that shoreline spawning habitat is not as limited as previously thought. Downwelling areas appear to contribute substantially to shore‐spawning kokanee recruitment. This research illustrates the value of rigorous in situ studies both for testing potential mechanisms underlying population trends and providing insight into spawning habitat selection.     

灌溉方式对大豆光合性状及土壤水分利用率的影响

设置均匀灌溉、固定隔沟灌溉、交替隔沟灌溉3种灌溉方式,分别在大豆开花期、结荚期和鼓粒期进行灌溉,每次单沟灌水量分为60、45和30 mm 3个水平,以不灌溉为对照,研究了灌溉方式对大豆光合特性的影响.结果表明:灌溉可极显著提高大豆叶片的光合速率和大豆产量,交替隔沟灌45 mm的R4期光合速率、产量与交替隔沟灌60 mm差异不显著,而且土壤水分利用效率最高,从节水增产增效角度分析,交替隔沟灌溉45 mm的灌溉方式最佳.     

贵州中部天然暖性草丛草地生产力变化和承载力分析

[目的]探讨放牧与围封对亚热天然暖性草丛草地生产力的影响并分析其草地承载力.[方法]以贵州中部龙里县亚热带天然暖性草丛草地为试验地区,连续调查2010～2012年草地生产力月、季和年动态,并对数据进行分析.[结果]放牧与围封条件下,贵州龙里暖性草丛草地植物现存量、牧草生长量均表现为先增加后减少的趋势,其峰值出现在8～10月份.围封明显提高天然草地的生产力,对天然草地植被组成改变不大.[结论]从草畜平衡的角度分析,贵州中部暖性草地适宜载畜量在3.45～4.66只羊/hm2时,具有良好的生态效益,在经济上可为农牧民所承受.     

祁连山南麓高寒灌丛GPP变化特征及对生长季积温的响应

全球气候变化背景下气温逐渐升高,将会对陆地生态系统碳循环产生重要影响。研究利用2003?2016年的涡度相关系统观测资料,研究了祁连山南麓高寒灌丛生长季(5月?9月)总初级生产力(gross primary productivity,GPP)在不同时间尺度上对生长季有效积温(growing season degree days,GDD)的响应,对于研究气候变暖对高寒生态系统碳循环的影响有重要意义。结果表明:高寒灌丛生态系统在生长季的月GPP、GDD都表现为先增大后减小的单峰变化趋势,都在7月或8月达到峰值,在5月达到最小值。在整个生长季尺度上,GPP与GDD具有较高变异性,但整体上表现为逐渐增加的趋势(P<0.05)。2003?2016年整个生长季GPP与GDD的均值分别为507.11 g·m^?2和975.93℃。在月尺度和生长季尺度上,GPP与GDD都呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。但是,通过比较生长季每个月GPP与GDD的关系发现,5、9月的GPP与GDD没有显著相关性(P>0.05),而在7月相关性最为显著(P<0.01)。整体上看,高寒灌丛生态系统植被的总初级生产力与热量条件表现为正相关关系,由此说明在全球气候变暖的背景下,青藏高原高寒灌丛生态系统植被的光合生产能力将会提高。     

陇中黄土高原混播草地生产性能

为了指导黄土高原丘陵沟壑区栽培草地建植及草食畜牧业的持续健康发展,本研究选择当地推广种植面积较大的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)两个草种为研究对象,于2016?2018年在甘肃省定西市安定区李家堡镇黄金村开展了紫花苜蓿与红豆草在1 ? 0 (H1)、7 ? 3 (H2)、5 ? 5 (H3)、3 ? 7 (H4)和0 ? 1 (H5)的混播比例下草地生产性能的相关研究。结果表明：1)建植生长第2年,H2、H3、H4处理的地上生物量分别比H1处理提高46.0%、34.0%和12.0%,但均低于H5处理;第3年,H2、H3、H4处理的地上生物量分别比H1处理提高36.5%、40.0%和23.5%,比H5处理提高34.9%、38.4%和22.1%,混播效应明显。2)随着混播组合中紫花苜蓿比例的降低,紫花苜蓿相对于红豆草的种间竞争力减小。3)紫花苜蓿与红豆草在3 ? 7混播比例下,2种牧草的粗蛋白含量均最高,且紫花苜蓿高于红豆草;与单播相比,混播后相对饲喂价值提高,提高了4.4%～49.73%,7 ? 3混播比例下,紫花苜蓿的相对饲喂价值较高,3 ? 7混播比例下,红豆草的相对饲喂价值较高。综合来看,紫花苜蓿与红豆草在7 ? 3和5 ? 5混播比例下,于生长第2年和第3年可获得相对较高的地上生物量和营养物质产量,可在生产实践中大面积推广应用。