<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dittrichia viscosa</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rubus ulmifolius</Emphasis> as reservoirs of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) and the role of certain Coccinellid species

The role of the self-sown shrubsDittrichia viscosa (L.) W. Greuter andRubus ulmifolius Schott as reservoirs of aphid parasitoids was investigated. In the field studies conducted,D. viscosa grew adjacent to crops of durum wheat and barley andR. ulmifolius grew adjacent to cotton. The relative abundance of the parasitoids of(a) Capitophorus inulae (Passerini) onD. viscosa, (b) Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) on durum wheat and barley,(c) Aphis ruborum (Börner) onR. ulmifolius, and(d) Aphis gossypii Glover on cotton in various parts of Greece, was assessed during the years 1996–2000. In 2000, the fluctuation of parasitization of the above four aphid species was recorded and the action of the aphidophagous predators of the family Coccinellidae was studied. It was observed thatAphidius matricariae Haliday predominated onC. inulae andR. padi in all sampling cases. In contrast,Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) was the dominant species parasitizingA. ruborum onR. ulmifolius andA. gossypii on cotton in Thessaly (central Greece) and Macedonia (northern Greece), whereasLysiphlebus confusus Tremblay et Eady andBinodoxys acalephae (Marshall) were the dominant parasitoid species in Thrace (northern Greece).Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus was the most abundant coccinellid species on durum wheat, whereasAdonia variegata (Goeze) predominated on cotton. However, coccinellid individuals were scarce on bothD. viscosa andR. ulmifolius. The present study indicated that these two shrubs can be regarded as useful reservoirs of aphid parasitoids.     

高原地区矮小鸡与藏鸡屠宰试验

通过对在高原地区10只成年矮小鸡和10只成年藏鸡屠宰测定,分析结果显示:平均体重矮小鸡比藏鸡高2．2％;藏鸡公鸡全净膛率为53．9％,矮小鸡公鸡全净膛率为64．9％,差异极显著;藏鸡母鸡全净膛率为58．1％,矮小鸡母鸡全净膛率为51．5％,差异极显著;藏鸡公鸡半净膛率为74．2％,矮小鸡公鸡半净膛率为81．5％,差异显著;藏鸡母鸡半净膛率为77．1％,矮小鸡母鸡半净膛率为66．2％,差异极显著。经测定说明矮小鸡的屠宰率高于藏鸡。     

阿维菌素对藏猪胃肠道寄生线虫的驱杀试验

将自然感染的藏仔猪12头随机分为2组,第1组用阿维菌素注射液治疗,第2组用盐酸左旋咪唑治疗作为对照.结果表明：注射阿维菌素试验藏仔猪用药5 d后对线虫虫卵减少率为84.6%,10 d后对线虫虫卵减少率为100%;注射左旋咪唑试验组用药5 d后对线虫虫卵减少率为8 3.7%,10 d后对线虫虫卵减少率为98.0%.二者差异不显著（P＞0.05）。     

中国地毯草野生种质资源耐旱性变异的初步研究

对我国不同来源地毯草野生种质资源抗旱性的研究结果表明,各供试地毯草的抗旱性与生境有着直接的关系,基本表现为分布于山坡地和路边等旱生环境中的地毯草,其抗旱性也相对较好,而那些在综合评判中表现为抗旱性较差的地毯草,大多是从河滩等湿生环境中采集到的材料。通过对土壤含水量、水分饱和亏缺指数、叶片保水力、游离脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖等与草坪抗旱有关的几个生理生化指标值的试验分析以及综合评判,将饶平地毯草初步确定为耐旱生态型。该生态型具有植株比较低矮,匍匐茎长短轴的差异不明显,叶片相对较小,匍匐茎生长速度和分蘖能力中等特点。     

A high-throughput glasshouse bioassay to detect crown rot resistance in wheat germplasm

A high-throughput and reliable seedling bioassay to screen wheat germplasm for crown rot resistance was developed. Single wheat seedlings were grown in square seedling punnets in a glasshouse and inoculated with a monoconidial Fusarium pseudograminearum isolate 10 days after emergence. The punnets were laid horizontally on their side and a 10- µ L inoculum droplet placed on the stem base. Seedlings were incubated at near-saturated relative humidity, and crown rot severity was assessed 35 days after inoculation. Studies on the duration of incubation period, inoculum concentration and temperature were carried out to optimize these parameters. Seedling growth at 25/15(±5)°C in a glasshouse and 48-h incubation at near-saturated RH in darkness gave the best results. When crown rot resistance rankings of 16 Australian cultivars from the bioassay were compared with their field performance, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was highly significant. This indicated that the seedling bioassay mimicked field resistance to crown rot in adult plants. A bootstrap resampling analysis showed little or no improvement in the coefficient of variation with an increasing number of replications, indicating a high level of precision and reproducibility. By detecting small but consistent differences in crown rot severity, the bioassay proved effective in large-scale screening for partial resistance: already over 1400 wheat genotypes have been screened. The high degree of precision makes this an invaluable tool in the understanding of pathogen aggressiveness, host specialization and parasitic fitness.     

Comparing rice germplasm groups for growth, grain yield and weed-suppressive ability under aerobic soil conditions

Germplasm and cultivars need to be selected as parents for breeding weed‐competitive aerobic rice in the tropics. Forty rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars belonging to the aus, indica and tropical japonica germplasm groups, or derived from crosses among them, were evaluated in adjacent weed‐free and weedy trials in aerobic soil conditions during the wet seasons of 2001–2003. The objectives of this study were to assess vegetative growth, grain yield under weed‐free (Y_F) and weedy (Y_W) conditions, and weed‐suppressive ability (WSA) of different germplasm groups. In the first 4 weeks after sowing, indica cultivars had faster growth in height, tillering and crop biomass than other groups. They also had high Y_F, Y_W and strong WSA. Aus cultivars were similar to the indica types in early growth and WSA, but were poor in Y_F. Tropical japonica groups and the group derived from indica/tropical japonica crosses were generally inferior to aus and indica groups in early growth and WSA. Both of their Y_F and Y_W were lower than that of the indica group. Therefore, indica germplasm seemed to be most suitable for breeding high‐yielding and weed‐suppressive aerobic rice for the tropics. The relationship of WSA with various traits within tropical japonica germplasm revealed that fast early growth, rather than plant erectness, is crucial to WSA.     

Isolation,Identification and Biological Characteristics of Staphylococcus chromogenes from Tibetan Pigs

In order to understand the infection of Staphylococcus disease in healthy Tibetan pigs in Linzhi city,Tibet.232 samples were collected from the slaughterhouse in Bahe town,Gongbujiangda county,Linzhi city,Tibet,the teaching practice ranch at the Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University in Bayi district,Linzhi city,and the slaughterhouse in Bayi district,Linzhi city.These samples were isolated,cultured and identified,and one isolated strain was systematically studied for biological characteristics.Epidemiological survey results showed that 73 of 232 samples were positive for Staphylococcus,the positive rate was 31.47%,16 positive samples were detected in the slaughterhouse of Bahe town,Gongbujiangda county,Linzhi,Tibet,with a detection rate of 23.89%(16/67),43 positive samples were detected in the pastures of the teaching practice ranch at the Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University in Bayi district,Linzhi city,with a detection rate of 34.40% (43/125),14 positive samples were detected in the slanghterhouse in Bayi district,Linzhi city,with a detection rate of 35.00% (14/40).Through PCR identification,gene sequencing and biochemical identification,5 strains of Staphylococcus chromogenes were isolated,and one of them (Sa LZ1) was studied systematically.The biological characteristics of the isolated strains showed that the Sa LZ1 strain formed round white convex colonies on the agar medium,with regular edges,smooth surfaces,and opaque white colonies.The isolates were Gram-positive cocci bacteria.PCR sequencing results showed that the isolate had the highest homology with Staphylococcus chromogenes (GenBank accession No.:MG576253.1),positive for serum inulin,manicol,glucose,saccharose,lactose,negative for arabinose,sodium hippurate,raffinose,xylose,urea,etc,consistent with the biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus chromogenes.The logarithmic growth period of isolated bacteria was 5 to 10 h.The pathogenicity test of mice showed that the mortality rate of mice reached 100% when the concentration of Sa LZ1 strain reached 3.5×10⁹ CFU/mL.And the results of pathological section showed that Sa LZ1 strain could cause the visceral tissue of mice to develop pathological changes.The above results provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of Staphylococcus suis in Linzhi,Tibet.     

陕西线辣椒育种研究进展与展望

本文概述了陕西线辣椒的发展历史,及其种质资源、育种目标、育种方法的研究进展;同时提出了对未来育种研究的展望。     

扁穗牛鞭草种质遗传多样性的ISSR分析

用ISSR标记对来自中国西南地区(四川、重庆、贵州)的28份扁穗牛鞭草材料的遗传多样性进行了检测。从96个ISSR引物中共筛选出13个多态性明显、反应稳定的引物。28份材料的DNA共扩增出129条谱带,平均每个引物扩增出9.9条带,多态性条带比率达84.2%。材料间遗传相似系数为0.466~0.980,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。通过聚类分析和主成分分析,将28份扁穗牛鞭草分为两大类,同一地区的扁穗牛鞭草品种(系)基本聚在同一类,呈现出一定的地域性分布规律。     

Host status and reaction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago truncatula</Emphasis> accessions to infection by three major pathogens of pea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum sativum</Emphasis>) and alfalfa (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago sativa</Emphasis>)

Ditylenchus dipsaci, the stem nematode of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Mycosphaerella pinodes, cause of Ascochyta blight in pea (Pisum sativum) and Aphanomyces euteiches, cause of pea root rot, result in major yield losses in French alfalfa and pea crops. These diseases are difficult to control and the partial resistances currently available are not effective enough. Medicago truncatula, the barrel medic, is the legume model for genetic studies, which should lead to the identification and characterization of new resistance genes for pathogens. We evaluated a collection of 34 accessions of M. truncatula and nine accessions from three other species (two from M. italica, six from M. littoralis and one from M. polymorpha) for resistance to these three major diseases. We developed screening tests, including standard host references, for each pathogen. Most of the accessions tested were resistant to D. dipsaci, with only three accessions classified as susceptible. A very high level of resistance to M. pinodes was observed among the accessions, none of which was susceptible to this pathogen. Conversely, a high level of variation, from resistant to susceptible accessions, was identified in response to infection by A. euteiches.