HACCP体系在出口浓缩苹果清汁生产中的建立及应用

将HACCP体系应用于出口浓缩苹果清汁的生产过程中,对浓缩苹果清汁的生产过程进行了危害分析,并确立了原料验收、拣选、后巴氏杀菌、灌装前过滤、发运前检查签封五个关键控制点,并根据生产的实际情况及实验确立了每个关键控制点的关键限值,监控和纠偏措施。同时,对HACCP体系的有效运行做了说明和分析。     

Patterns and factors in early-stage vegetation recovery at abandoned plantation clearcut sites in Oita, Japan: possible indicators for evaluating vegetation status

The abandonment of sites after clearcutting plantations is increasing rapidly in Japan. Although a few stand-level studies have been conducted, a broad-scale study is needed to understand the general tendency of vegetation recovery and to obtain information for the management of such extensively distributed abandoned clearcut sites. This study is a province-level study that aims to interpret the patterns and factors in early-stage vegetation recovery at abandoned plantation clearcut sites. We also discuss the potential indicators that may determine whether a certain site recovers towards evergreen broad-leaved forest consisting of Castanopsis cuspidata and Quercus glauca or towards deciduous broad-leaved forest comprising Q. serrata and Q. acutissima. A cluster analysis revealed that five types of vegetation (evergreen trees, evergreen trees–deciduous pioneer shrubs, pioneer species, deciduous trees, and deciduous shrubs) were observed from an early stage of succession. The first two vegetation types were considered to recover successfully to the target vegetation of evergreen broad-leaved forest, but the remaining three vegetation types did not show any tendency to recover to the target vegetations. According to the results of the detrended correspondence analysis, a smaller size of the abandoned site with adjacent evergreen broad-leaved forest and a longer time after clearcutting were identified as factors that enhance the invasion of evergreen tree species; these factors are also useful to predict the future successional tendency. In conjunction with these factors, the existence of regeneration sources (i.e., stumps) that allow sprouting appeared to be an important indicator for predicting the early-stage vegetation recovery.     

污染河道生态修复技术研究

简要分析了我国河道污染的现状及其原因,阐述了传统河道整治带来的负面影响,论证了河道生态修复的必要性和紧迫性以及河道生态修复的目标和原则。探讨了在遵循自然规律的前提下河道生态修复的主要技术:先期处理技术、河道形态修复技术、生态河堤修复技术、生态河床修复技术、生态护坡修复技术和生态水体修复技术以及人工湿地处理技术等,展望了河道生态修复技术的研究和应用前景。     

Characterization of drought stress environments for upland rice and maize in central Brazil

Drought stresses arise when the combination of rainfall and soil water supply are insufficient to meet the transpiration needs of the crop. In the Cerrado region of Goiás state, Brazil, summer rainfall is typically greater than 1000 mm. However, drought stress can occur during rain-free periods of only 1–3 weeks, since roots are frequently restricted to shallow depths due to Al-induced acidity in deeper soil layers. If these droughts are frequent, then plant breeding programs need to consider how to develop suitable germplasm for the target population of environments (TPE). A crop simulation model was used to determine patterns of drought stress for 12 locations and >30 environments (6 years × 5–6 planting dates) for short and medium duration rice crops (planted in early summer), and for maize grown either as a 1st or 2nd crop in the summer cycle. Regression analysis of the simulations confirmed the greater yield impact in both crops of drought stress (quantified as the ratio of water-limited to potential transpiration) when it occurred around the time of flowering and early grain-filling. For rice, mild mid-season droughts occurred 40–60% of the time in virgin (0.4 m deep for rice or 0.5 m for maize) soils and improved (0.8 m for rice or 1.0 m for maize) soils, with a yield reduction of <30%. More severe reproductive and grain-filling stress (yield reductions of 50% for rice to 90% for maize) occurred less frequently in rice (<30% of time) and 1st maize crop (< 10% of time). The 2nd maize crop experienced the greatest proportion (75–90%) of drought stresses that reduced yield to <50% of potential, with most of these occasions associated with later planting. The rice breeding station (CNPAF) experiences the same pattern of different drought types as for the TPE, and is largely suitable for early-stage selection of adapted germplasm based on yield potential. However, selection for virgin soil types could be augmented by evaluation on some less-improved soils in the slightly drier parts of the TPE region. Similarly, the drought patterns at the maize research station (CNPMS) and the other maize screening locations are better suited to selection of lines for the improved soil types. Development of lines for the 2nd crop and on more virgin (acidic) soils would require more targeted selection at late planting dates in drier sites.     

Arginine metabolism and its functions in growth,nutrient utilization,and immunonutrition of fish

Fish have limited ability in endogenous biosynthesis of arginine. Arginine is an indispensable amino acid for fish, and the arginine requirement varies with fish species and fish size. Recent studies on fish have demonstrated that arginine influences nutrient metabolism, stimulates insulin release, is involved in nonspecific immune responses and antioxidant responses, and elevates disease resistance. Specifically, arginine can regulate energy homeostasis via modulating the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, and also regulate protein synthesis via activating the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway. The present article reviews pertinent knowledge of arginine in fish, including dietary quantitative requirements, endogenous anabolism and catabolism, regulation of the endocrine and metabolic systems, and immune-regulatory functions under pathogenic challenge. Our findings showed that further data about the distribution of arginine after intake into specific cells, its sub-cellular sensor to initiate downstream signaling pathways, and its effects on fish mucosal immunity, especially the adaptive immune response against pathogenic infection in different species, are urgently needed.     

淮河流域冬小麦晚霜冻时空演变分析

为掌握气候持续变暖背景下淮河流域晚霜冻害的变化规律,基于1960-2016年61个气象站点的逐日地面0cm最低气温数据,计算霜冻频次、强度和变异系数,构建霜冻害危险指数,分析了淮河流域冬小麦生长季晚霜冻时空变化。结果表明:(1)57年中晚霜冻出现在3月11日至4月15日,整体呈提前趋势,速率达到-2.49d·年-1(P<0.05),晚霜冻的提前结束使冬小麦灌浆停滞和籽粒发芽力丧失的风险降低。(2)在冬小麦生长季延长的背景下,57年中轻度、中度、重度晚霜冻的频次都呈现减少趋势,变化倾向率分别为-9.14次·年-1(P<0.01)、-1.17次·年-1(P>0.05)、-5.81次·年-1(P<0.01)。年代变化上,重霜冻在灌浆至成熟阶段的频次在1980s上升趋势最显著,倾向率为6.73次·年-1(P<0.05)。1961-1990年中霜冻在拔节期的频次增加趋势最显著,倾向率为1.80次·年-1(P<0.05);1981-2010年重霜冻在拔节期的频次减少趋势最显著,倾向率为-3.46次·年-1(P<0.01)。(3)冬小麦晚霜冻在不同的生长阶段空间分异较大,呈不同分布模式。以开始拔节的日期为起点,高风险区和较高风险区在拔节后(1～5d)所占面积百分比最大,分别达到0.63%、80.68%。中风险区在抽穗至开花阶段(12～15d)面积百分比最大(81.68%),较低风险区在灌浆至成熟阶段(16～57d)占比最大(57.49%)。不同程度的晚霜冻频次在不同的时间段减少速率不同,在不同的生长阶段空间分布差异较大。     

常德市外来物种三叶鬼针草的形态建成与危害研究

[目的]调查常德市外来物种三叶鬼针草不同时期的形态特征和危害程度。[方法]对野外采集的24株三叶鬼针草幼苗进行移栽种植,任其生长,观测三叶鬼针草的生长发育规律;在常德市武陵区护城乡选择5个观察点观测三叶凫针草的危害情况。[结果]三叶鬼针草的形态特征为：植株可高达258cm,日增长在快速生长期为2．69cm;一次分枝对数最多可达27对,快速生长期内每5d发生一对;一次分枝快速生长期内日增长1．63cm;二次分枝长最长可达49cm,日增长0．45cm;危害情况观测结果显示,三叶鬼针草在护城乡的发生频率为20％,尚不严重,分布、危害面积不多,但在已发生三叶鬼针草的地域,发生密度较高．应及时防除。[结论]该研究为三叶鬼针草的综合防除提供科学依据。     

农村低保对象的目标定位与动态管理

农村低保对象的确定是农村最低生活保障制度实施的首要环节,低保对象的准确定位直接影响到低保制度的实施效果。本文着重分析农村低保对象的定位偏差,最后提出需要建立有效的目标定位机制将有限的低保资源瞄准那些最贫困的群体,利用网络化平台加强对低保对象的动态管理,完善低保对象的退出机制,最终实现农村低保＂应保尽保,应退尽退＂的目标。     

Cloning of a sodium channel gene and identification of mutations putatively associated with fenpropathrin resistance in Tetranychus urticae

Tetranychus urticae Koch is the most serious mite pest to various orchard trees and garden plants. Biochemical and molecular analyses were conducted to elucidate resistance mechanisms in a fenpropathrin-resistant mite strain (FenR). No significant differences were found in the activities of carboxylesterase and glutathione-S-transferase between the susceptible (UD and PyriF) and FenR strains. Cytochrome P450 activity was highest in PyriF, followed by FenR and UD. Analysis of detoxification enzyme assays, therefore, suggested that metabolic detoxification plays little role, if any, in fenpropathrin resistance. However, the FenR strain showed approximately 104- and 33.3-fold slower knockdown responses than UD and PyriF strains, respectively, suggestive of sodium channel insensitivity as a major resistance mechanism. We cloned cDNA fragments of the para-homologous sodium channel α-subunit gene (Tuvssc) and determined its full-length nucleotide sequences. The complete open reading frame of Tuvssc was 6627 nucleotides, encoding 2209 amino acids. The amino acid sequences of Tuvssc were 47.5% and 51.2% identical to the fruit fly and varroa mite, respectively. Amino acid sequence comparison between the three strains revealed two mutations (L1022V and A1376D) and one deletion (HisDel^1278-1280) found only in FenR mites, among which the L1022V mutation was proposed to play a major role in knockdown resistance to fenpropathrin.     

瓜类蔬菜转基因研究进展

综述了瓜类蔬菜再生系统的建立、转基因的方法以及目的基因的转化和表达的研究进展,讨论了瓜类蔬菜转基因存在的问题和研究前景。