外源ABA对冬小麦越冬期呼吸代谢关键酶与糖代谢的影响

为探讨外源ABA对低温胁迫下冬小麦幼苗呼吸代谢的影响,以抗寒品种东农冬麦1号和冷敏感品种济麦22为材料,测定和分析了小麦三叶期叶面喷施ABA(浓度10-5 mol·L-1,剂量为每4 m2喷施1 L)后越冬期叶片和分蘖节在低温胁迫下碳水化合物含量、糖酵解代谢酶及三羧酸循环代谢酶活性的变化.结果表明,越冬期间随温度的降低,两个小麦品种的叶片和分蘖节中可溶性总糖和淀粉含量先升后降;参与糖酵解代谢的丙酮酸激酶、己糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶及三羧酸循环代谢酶的活性在对照叶片中均先升后降,但在分蘖节中的变化则不尽相同.外源ABA处理使低温下两个小麦品种叶片和分蘖节积累更多的可溶性糖和淀粉,并且不同程度地提高了两个品种叶片及分蘖节中丙酮酸激酶、己糖激酶及磷酸果糖激酶的活性,尤其在最低温-25℃时明显抑制这几种酶活性的降低,这种影响在抗寒性强的东农冬麦1号中更明显;在低温胁迫后期抑制了三羧酸循环代谢酶和丙酮酸脱氢酶活性的降低,使其保持在相对较高的水平.外源ABA对碳水化合物积累的促进作用有利于植株呼吸和ATP合成维持在较高水平,进而提高低温下植株存活能力.     

Anoxia Tolerance and Sugar Level in Roots and Coleoptiles of Aerobically Germinated Rice

Abstract

The root and coleoptile growth of aerobically germinated rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings was suppressed by anoxic stress, but the suppression was more conspicuous in roots than in coleoptiles. In this study, the physiological and metabolic responses of roots to anoxia were compared with those of coleoptiles in aerobically germinated rice seedlings. ATP concentration in the coleoptiles was higher than that in the roots under anoxia. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity and ethanol concentration in the coleoptiles were also higher than in the roots under anoxia, which suggest that ethanolic fermentation may be more active in the coleoptiles than in the roots where glycolysis and ethanolic fermentation are the main source of ATP production. Activity of α-amylase, which mobilized reserved starch in the seeds, was not detected in the roots and coleoptiles of rice seedlings either under aerobic or anoxic conditions. However, α-amylase activity was found in endosperms of the rice seedlings even under anoxia. The α-amylase activity in anoxic endosperms was 64% of that in aerobic endosperms. Sugar concentration in the anoxic coleoptiles was higher than that in the anoxic roots. ATP and ethanol concentrations in the roots and coleoptiles of rice seedlings were correlated well with sugar concentrations in the roots and coleoptiles, which also showed a good correlation with anoxia tolerance of roots and coleoptiles with respect to elongation. These results suggest that the sugar level may be important for the anoxia tolerance of the roots and coleoptiles since the availability of sugar is essential for the operation of ethanolic fermentation leading to ATP production under anoxia, and it may serve to distinguish the anoxia tolerance of the roots and coleoptiles of the rice seedlings.     

高等植物蔗糖转化酶功能的研究进展

蔗糖转化酶不可逆地催化蔗糖水解成葡萄糖和果糖,因而是植物糖代谢的关键酶,在植物初级代谢及生长发育中具有重要的作用。文中概述了蔗糖转化酶的分类、生化特性、结构特点、生理功能和表达调控等方面的研究进展;重点介绍了其在植物韧皮部蔗糖卸载、己糖积累、细胞膨大和生殖发育方面的功能作用;以及蔗糖转化酶受到糖信号、植物激素、环境胁迫和蔗糖转化酶抑制因子的调控情况;并初步探讨了蔗糖转化酶的研究趋势,为植物蔗糖的进一步开发利用提供依据。     

微生态制剂对重茬甜菜根腐病防控及产质量水平提升的影响

为了揭示不同重茬年限下微生态制剂对病害的防治效果及产质量提升水平,明确适宜内蒙古重茬田微生态制剂的最佳施用量,2015-2017年,在内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院开展了微生态制剂不同施用量(0、30、60、90、120kg/hm~2)对不同重茬年限甜菜根腐病防治和产质量提升的研究。结果表明,随重茬年限的增加,重茬年限负效应逐渐增加,造成微生态制剂的防效逐年降低,甜菜的发病率、死株率呈大幅度增加,产质量水平显著降低,年际间以重茬3 a的改善效果最佳,处理间以施用量为90 kg/hm~2和120 kg/hm~2 2个处理较好。重茬3 a施用量30 kg/hm~2、60 kg/hm~2、90 kg/hm~2、120 kg/hm~2分别较0 kg/hm~2甜菜死株率降低7.76%、17.15%、23.18%和32.38%;发病率降低16.97%、41.84%、45.75%和56.09%;产量提高10.12%、12.51%、18.12%和19.19%;产糖量提高11.14%、15.45%、23.74%和25.98%,且各处理间基本达到了显著性差异水平。因此甜菜根腐病的发病率与产质量水平呈极显著负相关关系,说明根腐病是重茬甜菜的主要障碍因子,开展对重茬甜菜根腐病防控研究,对内蒙古甜菜产业持续、稳定发展具有重要意义。     

副猪嗜血杆菌间接ELISA抗体检测试剂盒的研制与应用

【背景】副猪嗜血杆菌（Haemophilus parasuis,HPS）是猪的上呼吸道病原菌,引起格拉瑟氏病,主要引起断奶前后和保育阶段的猪发病,通常见于5—8周龄的青年猪,发病率一般为10%—15%。该菌有15种血清型,目前主要养猪国家流行的血清型为4型、5型、12型和13型,是严重危害养猪业发展的主要细菌性病原之一。目前国内还没有检测该菌抗体的商品化试剂盒。【目的】研制一种针对副猪嗜血杆菌的快速、敏感和特异性强的抗体检测试剂盒,为格拉瑟氏病的有效防控提供技术支持。【方法】表达并纯化OppA、DppA、HbpA 3种不同的副猪嗜血杆菌ABC转运体周质底物结合蛋白,使用副猪嗜血杆菌阴、阳性参考血清筛选以上3种蛋白中免疫反应性和反应特异性好的蛋白。以筛选的蛋白为包被抗原,建立检测HPS抗体的间接ELISA方法,优化间接ELISA反应条件,并组装试剂盒。在此基础上,确定该试剂盒的敏感性、特异性;通过对不同时间、不同猪场采集的2 000份临床猪血清样本进行检测,评价该试剂盒的实用性;在以上临床血清样本中随机选取200份,分别以研制的试剂盒、间接血凝试验以及进口商品化试剂盒进行检测,比较检测结...     

硫化氢提高水稻磷吸收转运的生理和分子机制

目的 低磷胁迫是限制水稻产量的主要因素之一。水稻淹水条件下产生H₂S,然而,H₂S作为信号分子是否参与调节水稻响应缺磷胁迫还未可知。方法 在正常磷和低磷条件下测定水稻H₂S含量,揭示H₂S在水稻响应缺磷胁迫中的作用。用2 μmol/L H₂S前体物质NaHS预处理水稻1 d,然后在加磷和低磷条件下培养6 d,测定水稻体内总磷含量、酸性磷酸酶活性、抗氧化酶活性、木质部汁液磷含量、磷转运子基因表达以及根系构型变化,从而探究H₂S参与调节水稻响应缺磷胁迫的生理和分子机制。结论 低磷胁迫下,水稻根系和地上部H₂S含量显著增加。NaHS预处理水稻显著增加低磷条件下水稻体内有效磷和总磷含量,提高根系酸性磷酸酶活性,提高抗氧化酶活性、木质部汁液磷含量和磷转运子基因表达水平,同时还改变水稻根系构型,增加总根长、总根表面积、总根体积和总根尖数,从而促进低磷条件下水稻对外界磷的吸收和转运,最终缓解缺磷胁迫。     

不同形态氮肥对紫花苜蓿生长、硝酸盐转运蛋白基因MtNRT1.3表达及氮吸收的影响

为了探讨豆科牧草对不同形态氮素的吸收,以紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）为试验材料,通过盆栽试验探究不同形态氮肥对紫花苜蓿生长、硝酸盐转运蛋白基因MtNRT1.3表达和氮吸收的影响。试验设有4个处理,分别为不施氮处理（对照组,Con）、施铵态氮（NH₄Cl—T1）、硝态氮（NaNO₃—T2）和混合氮（铵态氮、硝态氮1：1混合—T3）,各形态氮肥施加总量为按纯氮250 mg（每1 kg土）。试验结果表明,施氮处理提高了紫花苜蓿中的氮含量,施加各种氮肥均提高了紫花苜蓿根中MtNRT1.3基因的表达量,且该基因的表达量与土壤铵态氮和硝态氮呈正相关性（P<0.01）。相比于铵态氮肥,施加硝态氮肥不但可增加植株中硝态氮含量,而且能提高植株铵态氮含量;相比于单施硝态氮和铵态氮肥,混合氮肥对提高植株氮含量效果最好;施加硝态氮肥更有利于紫花苜蓿地上部分生物量的累积。因此,对紫花苜蓿施加氮肥应重视铵态氮和硝态氮的比例,增加硝态氮的比例更有利于紫花苜蓿的生长和对氮素的吸收。     

Bottom-up down from the top: Honeydew as a carbon source for soil organisms

Honeydew produced by aphids is a well-studied food source for mutualistic ants. Although considerable amounts drop onto the soil surface there are hardly any studies dealing with the potential effects of this additional C source for soil organisms, particularly those living at the soil surface. We studied this question by simulating honeydew and investigating plots under Populus canescens formerly infested with aphids on two ruderal sites differing in soil organic matter content and vegetation cover. The simulated honeydew input increased microbial biomass with some delay in week 10. Both natural and simulated honeydew raised the activity densities of an epigeic Collembola taxon, the Bourletiellidae, but not of the dominant Hemisotoma thermophila. The honeydew effect varied over time and with the site, and was more pronounced at the nutrient-poor site for Collembola, but not for microbial biomass. Ant consumption reduced the amount of honeydew reaching the soil surface by 50%. The activity density of H. thermophila was negatively related to ants and spiders, hinting at a top-down control. Honeydew clearly acts as a bottom-up force for soil organisms, which is however only part of the complex network connecting the food webs of primary producers and decomposers.     

甜玉米(Zea mays L.saccharata Sturt)含糖量与主要农艺性状的相关及通径分析

为选育含糖量高的甜玉米品种,本试验对甜玉米含糖量与主要农艺性状进行相关性分析。结果表明,含糖量与穗长、株高、穗位呈正相关,与单穗重、秃尖长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、轴重、轴粗、百粒重、茎粗呈负相关。在实际选择中可以参考这些性状来选择含糖量高的甜玉米。为了更加清楚地了解各主要农艺性状和含糖量之间的直接效应和间接效应,对此进行通径分析,结果表明,各农艺性状对含糖量的通径系数顺序为穗长>株高>轴重>穗位>单穗重>穗粗>茎粗>行粒数>穗行数>百粒重>轴粗>秃尖长>皮渣率。本研究为今后选育含糖量高的甜玉米品种提供了重要的参考依据。