连香树人工幼林群落营养元素含量、积累分配和循环

研究了 1 0年生连香树人工群落 8种营养元素的含量、积累分配和循环。主要结论是 :( 1 )连香树营养器官中各种元素的平均含量顺序为Ca>N >Al>K >Mg>P >Fe >Mn。 ( 2 )元素量在各营养器官的分配顺序为根 >叶 >去皮干 >皮 >枝 ,各元素含量顺序为Ca>N >K >Al>Mg>P >Fe >Mn。 ( 3)连香树群落 8种元素的吸收量、存留量和归还量分别是 72 9 82kg·hm- 2 a- 1 、2 0 6 72kg·hm- 2 a- 1 和 52 3 1 0kg·hm- 2 a- 1 。 ( 4) 51 2 %的归还总K量靠降水淋溶归还 ,其余元素总归还量的 55 7%～ 96 5%靠凋落物归还。Fe、Al归还量的 4 1 3%和 4 4 3%通过死根归还。 ( 5) 8种元素的利用系数、归还比和周转期分别为 0 2 3～ 0 54、0 57～ 0 82和 2 2 6～7 63。文中改进了降水淋溶归还的算法 ,提出了群落归还系数、积累系数和吸收系数 ,讨论了落叶树种元素生物循环的算法     

Effects of coppicing on the root and stump carbohydrate dynamics in birches

Whole birch stems were cut off in order to determine how coppicing affects root and stump starch, glucose, fructose and sucrose concentrations and their correlation with shoot regeneration capacity. The Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth studied included intact trees, trees that had been coppiced 8 years earlier, trees coppiced at the beginning of the experimental season, and birches that had been coppiced twice, 8 years earlier and at the beginning of the experimental season. Carbohydrate accumulation differed between 8 years earlier coppiced and intact trees. Recent coppicing clearly decreased the starch and sugar concentrations of the roots, which were often highest in the thin roots. The concentrations of these compounds in the stumps were always low, although the carbohydrate concentrations of stumps, in particular, correlated with shoot regeneration capacity. Starch was the most labile of the carbohydrates measured and most clearly reacted to coppicing. Differences in starch- and sugar-reserve dynamics indicate a difference between these birch species in the use and replenishing of root and stump reserves. This information may also be of help when the effects of other stresses, for example, severe animal damage or burning, on the regrowth of young birch stands are estimated.     

高寒地区燕麦籽粒糖降解和淀粉积累动态分析

为探讨高寒地区燕麦花后籽粒中糖降解和淀粉积累特点,分析了2个品种花后籽粒中糖降解和淀粉积累动态。结果表明籽粒中淀粉均呈"S"型曲线增长,花后6~15d可溶性糖转化速率较高,淀粉积累速率较快,其后可溶性糖转化速率和淀粉积累速率较低,可溶性糖处于动态平衡中。     

Use of advanced recombinant lines to study the impact and potential of mutations affecting starch synthesis in barley

The effects on barley starch and grain properties of four starch synthesis mutations were studied during the introgression of the mutations from diverse backgrounds into an elite variety. The lys5f (ADPglucose transporter), wax (granule-bound starch synthase), isa1 (debranching enzyme isoamylase 1) and sex6 (starch synthase IIa) mutations were introgressed into NFC Tipple to give mutant and wild-type BC₂F₄ families with different genomic contributions of the donor parent. Comparison of starch and grain properties between the donor parents, the BC₂F₄ families and NFC Tipple allowed the effects of the mutations to be distinguished from genetic background effects. The wax and sex6 mutations had marked effects on starch properties regardless of genetic background. The sex6 mutation conditioned low grain weight and starch content, but the wax mutation did not. The lys5 mutation conditioned low grain weight and starch content, but exceptionally high β-glucan contents. The isa1 mutation promotes synthesis of soluble α-glucan (phytoglycogen). Its introgression into NFC Tipple increased grain weight and total α-glucan content relative to the donor parent, but reduced the ratio of phytoglycogen to starch. This study shows that introgression of mutations into a common, commercial background provides new insights that could not be gained from the donor parent.     

Improving cereal grain carbohydrates for diet and health

Starch and cell wall polysaccharides (dietary fibre) of cereal grains contribute to the health benefits associated with the consumption of whole grain cereal products, including reduced risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. The physiological bases for these effects are reviewed in relation to the structures and physical properties of the polysaccharides and their behaviour (including digestion and fermentation) in the gastro-intestinal tract. Strategies for modifying the content and composition of grain polysaccharides to increase their health benefits are discussed, including exploiting natural variation and using mutagenesis and transgenesis to generate further variation. These studies will facilitate the development of new types of cereals and cereal products to face the major health challenges of the 21st century.     

云南文山烟区烤烟品种致香物质含量的差异

为了解不同烤烟品种香气物质含量的差异,对云南文山烟区3个主栽品种KRK26、K326和云烟87的多酚、有机酸、挥发性香气物质等致香成分含量进行了分析。结果表明,云南文山3个烤烟主栽品种的各类致香物质含量存在显著差异：云烟87烟叶的杂环类化合物含量突出,显著高于K326和KRK26,醛类物质含量最高,酮类和醇类物质以及质体香味成分的二氢猕猴桃内酯、香叶基丙酮和5,6-环氧-β-紫罗兰酮、亚油酸含量最高;K326烟叶的多酚含量最高,显著高于KRK26和云烟87;KRK26的质体香味中的巨豆三烯酮和柠檬酸含量突出,显著高于K326和云烟87,草酸含量最高,丙二酸含量则显著低于K326和云烟87。     

小麦籽粒淀粉含量的QTL定位及效应分析

为深入了解小麦籽粒淀粉含量的遗传特性和QTL效应,选择淀粉含量差异较大的小麦品种M344和武春3号杂交,创制F2∶3群体,并利用973对SSR引物对小麦籽粒总淀粉、直链淀粉和抗性淀粉含量进行基于混合线性模型的QTL定位及效应分析。构建了包含有163个标记的遗传连锁图谱,分布于18条染色体,连锁图谱总长度为1 622.5cM,标记间平均距离为9.95cM。QTL分析表明,共检测到4个主效QTL和12对上位性QTL,涉及1B、2B、2D、4A、5D、6A和7A等16条染色体。其中,抗性淀粉含量上位性QTL3对,总淀粉含量上位性QTL 4对,直链淀粉含量上位性QTL 5对,总贡献率分别为8.34%、17.50%和8.13%。总淀粉和直链淀粉含量各检测到1个加性QTL,抗性淀粉含量检测到2个加性QTL,贡献率分别为5.34%、8.49%、11.47%、12.53%。研究发现,2B染色体Xwmc453.3~Xcfd44.2标记区间的QTL位点同时影响抗性淀粉和总淀粉含量,2D染色体Xgwm296~Xgwm455.2标记区间的QTL位点同时影响抗性淀粉和直链淀粉含量,7A染色体Xwmc488.1~Xwmc488.2标记区间的QTL位点同时影响直链淀粉和总淀粉含量。     

种植密度对小麦籽粒淀粉含量和晶体特性的影响

为探究种植密度对小麦籽粒淀粉品质的调控效应,以2个小麦品种(轮选987和济麦22)为材料,分析了3个不同种植密度(150、300、450万株·hm-2)下小麦籽粒淀粉含量和晶体特性。结果表明,种植密度影响小麦籽粒淀粉的积累和组成。随种植密度的增大,直链淀粉含量呈先降后升的趋势,而支链淀粉和总淀粉含量表现为先升后降。淀粉晶体呈典型的A型特征,且不受种植密度影响。种植密度明显影响淀粉颗粒内部的结晶程度,表现为随种植密度的增大,相对结晶度先升后降。同时,种植密度改变了淀粉X-衍射图谱中各峰的精细位置和相对强度,说明种植密度对淀粉颗粒内部结晶区的晶胞结构或微晶排列也存在一定影响。淀粉的相对结晶度与直链淀粉含量呈负相关,与支链淀粉含量呈正相关。     

玉竹不同品系多糖含量分析比较

目的通过对八个品系供试玉竹多糖进行比较分析,为玉竹种质资源的搜集、玉竹的育种和规模化栽培提供基础资料。方法本试验在相同条件下对八个品系供试玉竹进行了栽培,进行了多糖含量提取及测定。结果吉竹一号叶腋紫、吉竹一号茎紫在本地栽培后的多糖总量含量最高,分别为15.49%和15.03%。结论吉竹一号叶腋紫和吉竹一号茎紫与其它六个品系玉竹相比更适合在吉林地区进行种植。     

逻辑转换:重塑思政课教学的理性魅力——以“毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论”为例

高校思政课教学改革效果不尽如人意,现有的围绕教学方法、手段、考核方式、实践教学环节等"形式"方面的改革已经达到了实效的可能性边界。未来思政课教学改革应该重视以"内容"为核心的改革,通过逻辑的转换,重塑思政课教学的理性魅力。以"毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论"课程教学内容为例,说明在教学过程中逻辑转换的现实和理论根据以及重塑理性魅力的具体途径和做法,以此提升思政课教学效果,更好发挥其育人功能。