近地层臭氧浓度升高对常规稻颖花形成的影响：FACE研究

FACE(free air gas concentration enrichment)研究使用标准的作物管理技术,在完全开放的大田条件下运行,代表了目前人类对未来大气环境的最好模拟。利用独特的大型稻田FACE平台,以典型的常规水稻品种武粳15(粳稻)和扬稻6号(籼稻)为供试材料,研究近地层臭氧(O3)浓度升高(比大气背景臭氧浓度平均增高26%)对常规水稻颖花形成的影响。结果表明:(1)高浓度O3对供试品种全穗以及一、二次枝梗颖化分化数均无显著影响;(2)高浓度O3使供试品种全穗和二次枝梗颖花退化数和退化率均显著增加,颖花退化增多是由于现存一次枝梗上二次枝梗大量退化而引起的二次颖花退化所造成;(3)颖花退化数在颖花分化数中所占比例很低,故高浓度O3对两供试品种全穗和一、二次枝梗颖花现存数以及稻穗构成均无显著影响。结合前报可知,选用常规水稻品种以及增施保花肥可能是未来近地层高浓度O3环境下稻作生产重要的适应措施。     

2种穗型强筋小麦对几个播种基础因素的需求差异性研究

[目的]寻求4种播种基础因素适合2种穗型强筋小麦的最佳指标,比较2种小麦对这些因素的需求差异。[方法]大穗型强筋小麦以淄麦12号,小穗型强筋小麦以济南17号为试材,对其分别进行地力适应性、基本苗差异、播种期和适宜种植行距试验,并比较2种穗型强筋小麦对4种播种基础因素的需求差异。[结果]小穗型强筋小麦对土壤肥力的要求低于大穗型强筋小麦;大穗型强筋小麦的基本苗以225万~270万株/hm2为宜,小穗型强筋小麦的基本苗为135万~180万株/hm2,比大穗型小麦低80万株/hm2左右;2种穗型强筋小麦的播种期一般相差5 d左右,平均播种行距相差5 cm左右。[结论]与小穗型强筋小麦相比,大穗型强筋小麦对地力条件要求高,适宜基本苗大,播种期晚,平均行距小。     

花穗修剪与多效唑处理对妃子笑荔枝产量与效益的影响

【目的】研究花穗修剪与多效唑处理对妃子笑荔枝花穗生长的影响,为解决荔枝花而不实、坐果率低的问题提供依据。【方法】以15年生妃子笑荔枝为试材,设计花穗不经过处理（CK）、人工短截、机械短截、多效唑处理、多效唑处理＋机械短截、多效唑处理＋人工短截6个处理。盛花期、收获时分别调查各处理花穗生长情况、每穗果数及单株产量,并进行经济效益分析。【结果】在正常管理水平下,妃子笑荔枝花穗不经过处理和仅用多效唑处理的单穗坐果率及产量均较低;而经过短截修剪的荔枝单穗坐果率、产量及经济效益均较高。其中以多效唑处理＋人工短截的产量和经济效益最高,但其人工支出大、工效低,仅适宜小面积应用;而采用机械短截花穗所需人工较少、效率高,适宜大面积推广应用。【结论】通过花穗修剪和多效唑处理可以调节荔枝的坐果率,只要运用得当,可以获得较高的产量和经济效益。     

The effect of spikelet position on the success frequencies of wheat haploid production using the maize cross system

Barbela is an old Portuguese landrace of wheat that is highly genetically heterogeneous. Different Barbela populations when subjected to aluminium stress show variable levels of tolerance. In order to study the inheritance of this character, doubled haploid (DH) lines were developed. These DH were obtained by intergeneric crosses of 14 different lines of Barbela with maize. During this process the efficiency of the technique was evaluated and suggestions for its improvement were obtained. Several parameters were studied in the crosses: % of crossability, % of embryos per florets pollinated and % of embryos per seed set. The different genotypes of Barbela showed significant variation for the parameters analysed. When the reciprocal crosses were analysed, no differences were found, indicating that cytoplasm differences do not influence the parameters of DH production. However, different spikelet positions (lower, middle and upper) gave highly significant differences in all parameters analysed. Highest success frequencies were obtained for pollinated spikelets in the middle of the spike. This can indicate that concentrating on the middle part of the spike can increase the frequency of DHs obtained using inter generic crosses of wheat with maize. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

护苗种衣剂包衣稻种循环水浸种试验初报

通过对水稻护苗种衣剂包衣稻种采用"循环水浸种技术",测试药剂脱落对防病效果影响情况,结果表明:利用有氧恒温浸种机浸种或循环泵浸种,不会造成严重的药剂脱落现象,不会影响药剂的防病效果,而且还可以提高浸种质量,提高籽粒发芽势和出苗率,使得水稻出苗快且整齐。     

微生物菌剂浸种联合生物菌肥防控玉米茎腐病的应用效果

采用微生物菌剂浸种后撒施生物菌肥M1、M2预防玉米茎腐病,检测对玉米田土壤微生物量及酶活性的应用效果。结果表明,五谷丰素浸种联合菌肥M1、M2撒施处理显著提高防控玉米茎腐病的应用效果,乳熟期的预防效果分别为66.3%和68.1%,蜡熟期的预防效果分别为72.9%和74.6%,显著促进玉米出苗率、株高、有效穗数、穗长、穗重、百粒重以及产量。土壤中的微生物碳、微生物氮以及土壤碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶活性均显著增加,其中,五谷丰素浸种联合M2菌肥处理后土壤微生物氮达64.2 mg/kg,脲酶活性达3.3 mg/(g·h),蛋白酶活性达86.5μg/(g·h),多酚氧化酶活性达111.6μg/(g·h)。     

水稻不同粒位籽粒淀粉与蛋白质累积动态差异

 以中熟籼稻（扬稻6号）和中熟粳稻（扬粳9538）为材料,研究了穗上不同粒位籽粒灌浆过程中粒重、淀粉、可溶性糖和粗蛋白质含量等动态变化,以期通过分析灌浆物质累积动态差异探讨不同粒位间籽粒品质差异形成的生理原因。穗上不同粒位籽粒灌浆物质累积动态存在显著差异,同一穗上早开花籽粒起步灌浆早,初期灌浆速率快;灌浆前、中期籽粒中淀粉和直链淀粉累积速率、累积量与籽粒开花顺序较为一致,即早开花籽粒大于迟开花籽粒,而不同粒位籽粒间的可溶性糖含量变化则与之相反。灌浆在粒位间的差异扬粳9538大于扬稻6号。成熟期籽粒直链淀粉含量则与开花顺序无必然联系。粗蛋白质含量随灌浆进程呈倒“S”型趋势,即灌浆前期下降较快,至最低点后略有回升,前期下降速率迟开花籽粒大于早开花籽粒,但蛋白质含量在整个灌浆阶段则以迟开花籽粒大于早开花籽粒,二次枝梗大于一次枝梗籽粒,穗下部籽粒高于其他部位籽粒。灌浆前、中期同枝梗上较早开花籽粒含水量下降幅度大于迟开花的籽粒,一次枝梗上第1粒尤为明显。以上结果说明,可溶性碳水化合物的供给可能不是弱势粒发育不良的限制因子,弱势粒灌浆充实不良可能与其较低的生理活性有关。     

三系粳稻不育系开花习性与异交结实率的关系

以583A、7740A7、7237A、春江12A、春江16A、春江26A、99-44A、宁67A、旱稻A等9个不同柱头外露率和花时的三系粳稻不育系为母本,以粳稻恢复系CH89为父本,进行大田小区制种,对不育系的午前花率、柱头外露率与异交结实率之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明,不育系柱头外露率与异交结实率之间的简单相关系数和偏相关系数以及午前花率与异交结实率之间的简单相关系数均达到显著水平,异交结实率与柱头外露率、午前花率之间的复相关系数也达到显著水平。粳稻不育系异交结实率(y)与柱头外露率(x1)、午前花率(x2)的回归方程为y=26.06 0.51x1 0.28x2。通径分析表明,柱头外露率对粳稻不育系异交结实率起更重要的作用。对三系粳稻不育系的遗传改良及制种策略进行了讨论。     

Effects of genes increasing the number of spikelets per panicle,TAW1 and APO1, on yield and yield-related traits in rice

The genes TAWAWA1 (TAW1) and ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION1 (APO1) increase the number of spikelets per panicle (SN). In the present study, we examined the effects of these genes on morphological traits, yield, and yield-related traits including yield components using the near-isogenic lines (NILs) in the genetic background of a japonica rice variety, Koshihikari – NIL-taw1, NIL-apo1-D3, and NIL-apo1-D4 – in a field experiment. The SN and total number of spikelets per area of the three NILs were larger than those of Koshihikari. However, the yield of the three NILs did not exceed that of Koshihikari due to their low filling ability. Interestingly, our field experiments indicated that TAW1 did not affect the diameter of internodes and the PN, whereas APO1 decreased the PN and increased the diameter of internodes. These results suggest that TAW1 and APO1 differently affect yield-related traits.