Conceptual methodologies in agro-environmental systems

When continuous measurement of relevant above- and below-ground environmental factors is made, and the dynamics of crop growth and phenology is followed, it is shown that small-plot agronomic experimentation can provide information vital to the development and testing of simulation models. Such models for crops of maize (Zea mays) and the legume cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), grown as sole crops and in an intercrop system, were used to simulate yield at two separate sites in the main savanna farming zones in Ghana, West Africa. Simulation was carried out for these three cropping systems using 20 years of historical rainfall data for the two sites, investigating the effect on yield of management options which included time of planting, rate of nitrogen fertilizer application, and crop planting density.

The yield results of this series of simulations were then subject to two different types of analysis in order to assist the evaluation of agricultural options for the nation. The first analysis was an economic evaluation based on gross margins, but using the stochastic-dominance technique to rank the profitability of the alternative cropping and management systems.

The second, more general methodology employed was multi-criteria analysis (MCA). This analysis covered economic returns and their variability, the amount and quality of residue returned to the soil, and the aerial cover provided by the crop. Other factors which could affect the sustainability of production in the long term, but which could only be evaluated qualitatively, were also included in the analysis, as allowed in MCA methodology. The MCA was then carried out for three scenarios in which different weightings were given to economic outcomes and to factors which are believed to encourage ecological sustainability. These scenarios allow recognition of different priorities which might be given by traditional subsistence farmers as compared to commercial producers.

Outcomes of this broad analysis of development alternatives provided scientific support for the traditional Ghanaian practice of grain/legume intercropping which is also widespread in the tropics. The suite of methodologies illustrated by the case study appears to be suitable for the evaluation of alternative farming systems at the scale of a small nation such as Ghana.     

精密播种机粒距分布计算机仿真的研究

研究精密播种机粒距分布是精密播种理论的重要组成部分。本文主要研究绕水平轴旋转精播种子的排种器,因此适用于广泛采用的机械式排种器(型孔轮式、型孔带式)和气力式排种器(气吹式、气吸式)等。基于对精密播种机粒距误差形成的分析,将其工作过程分解为充种和投种两个阶段,并采用数理统计、数理方程、精密播种理论等综合方法,建立了精密播种机在不同参数下的粒距动态分布模型,并对玉米、大豆等作物的粒距分布进行了计算机数字仿真。本文的研究为精密播种机设计方法的改进提供了一种新的途径。     

我国北方逐日平均气温的气候模拟

通过探讨逐日平均气温的模拟方法，以修订的正弦曲线为基础，利用最高和最低月平均温度可以模拟出一年之内任意一天的日平均温度。对于不同气候类型的地区，春季升温和秋季降温速度差异很大，采用不同的订正系数来模拟内陆、沿海和高山气象站的气温。该模型能够较精确地模拟我国北方大部分地区日平均气温的气侯资料。     

数学模型模拟方法分析土壤水分变化过程

利用数学模型模拟的方法分析土壤水运移过程 ,用以评价土壤 -作物 -大气循环系统的交互作用和作物需水、耗水规律。本项研究以松嫩平原典型黑土区海伦站为试验基地 ,以 1995、1997和 1999(平水年、丰水年和枯水年 )三个典型年份为样本 ,建立了土壤属性数据库、作物生长参数数据库和气象数据库。模拟了土壤水分的变化过程 ,取得了较好的结果。     

塑料大棚小气候的模拟和检测

为了研究大棚内外空气热量的物质交换的机理，该文把用在大玻璃温室的让布鲁温室动态模型应用于小塑料大棚。此模型考虑了温室内三层土壤、作物层、空气层、覆盖物和保温幕之间的传导、对流、太阳辐射和热辐射以及潜热交换，在此基础上进行了在不同气候条件下模拟的实测结果的比较分析。其结果表明，模型达到较高精度。     

SOCRATES—A simple model for predicting long-term changes in soil organic carbon in terrestrial ecosystems

The maintenance of soil organic carbon (SOC) in terrestrial ecosystems is critical for long-term productivity. Simulation models of SOC dynamics are valuable tools in predicting the impacts of climate on carbon storage and developing management strategies for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, however, their utility is generally reduced due to need for specific data. The SOCRATES model is a simple process based representation of soil SOC dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems, which requires minimal data inputs and specifically designed to examine the impact of land use and land use change on soil carbon storage. SOCRATES was successful in predicting SOC change at eighteen long-term crop, pasture and forestry trials from North America, Europe and Australasia. These trials ranged from 8 to 86 years in duration, over a wide range of climates and soil types with annual changes in SOC ranging from −3.0 to 4.2%.     

农田土壤温室气体排放机理与影响因素研究进展

根据近几年国内外相关文献，对农田土壤中二氧化碳，甲烷与氧化亚氮排放相关机理及影响因子进行了归纳，并介绍了动物废弃物施用于农田土壤所导致的温室气体排放的变化情况，同时还对一些与土壤温室气体排放影响因素有关的定量模拟方程进行了介绍。     

斗轮堆取料机变幅装置动力学特性的计算机仿真

对斗轮堆取料机常用结构形式的变幅装置进行了多刚体系统模型简化，建立了系统的运动方程，编制了具有一定通用性的仿真软件，并以ＤＱ１０００／１５００４５型斗轮堆取料机的变幅装置为例，对其典型工况的动力学特性进行了仿真。在获取刚体的动力学参数时，利用ＳＵＰＥＲＳＡＰ９１有限元分析软件建模并计算系统内各刚体的转动惯量和质心位置，取得了良好的效果     

基于特征线法的畦灌施肥地表水流溶质运移模型研究

为实现畦灌施肥技术参数的优化组合,建立合理的模型工具至关重要.基于零惯性量模型和一维对流弥散方程ADE作为畦灌施肥水流和溶质运移方程,分别利用有限差和特征线法进行求解,建立基于特征线法的畦灌施肥地表水流溶质运移模型.以隐式有限差解法为对照,对特征线法引入的数值误差状况进行评价.结果表明,相对于隐式有限差解法,采取特征线法求解ADE时引入的数值震荡和数值弥散有显著减少,基于特征线法的畦灌施肥地表水流溶质运移模型更合理.     

SEASONAL RHYTHM OF ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS——THE CALAMAGROSTIS ANGUSTIFOLIAGRASSLAND IN SANJIANG PLAIN

In this paper,the seasonal rhythms of the above grassland biomass of the two maintypes of the Calamagrostis anguslifolia graaslands,the Calamagrostis angustifolia meadow and theCalamagrostis angustifolia + carex schmiudilii swamp meadow,were reported.The simulation tech-niquc was employed to described the dynamic process.In the end,the absolute growth rate and therelative growth rate of aboveground biomass of the two communities were approached in the lightof the growth analysis method.