利用硫化碱废渣制备新型多功能悬浮型种衣剂的研究与应用(Ⅰ)--新型多功能悬浮型种衣剂的研究

本文研究了以工业硫化碱废渣与一类丰富的废弃矿物质等为原料,合成新型阴离子表面活性剂--矽力康复合肥在悬浮型种衣剂中的应用,探讨了矽力康复合肥、不同种类的阴离子、非离子表面活性剂对20%的悬浮型种衣剂稳定性的作用及相互作用,确定了最佳复配条件.结果表明:在使用单一组分中,使用矽力康复合肥比其他9种表面活性剂的稳定性高20.2%～141.2%(15 d);在复配体系中,50g/L矽力康复合肥与15g/L乳化剂A复配体系在90 d后的悬浮率仍达到90.4%,比50g/L十二烷基苯磺酸钠与40g/L乳化剂A的复配体系高29%;产品粘度为500～600mpa·s、对种子的包衣均匀度为95.3%,成膜时间为19min,包衣脱落率为7.42%,热贮稳定性均符合标准,并且产品本身还含有大量促进种子生长的必要元素.     

硅肥对紫花苜蓿越冬特性及冬灌对田间土壤温湿度、越冬率的影响

本研究初步探讨了越冬期间硅肥与紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）越冬生理指标的关系以及不同冬灌处理对紫花苜蓿的越冬率的影响,为保障苜蓿越冬提供新的思路。本试验通过对比越冬期间田间土壤温度、土壤体积含水量及植株根颈部抗寒性生理指标的差异,分析了冬灌和硅肥对紫花苜蓿抗寒性、越冬率的影响。结果表明：越冬率最高的是最大冬灌水量处理的小区,且该处理越冬期间土壤温度和土壤体积含水量均高于其他处理,春季土壤解冻后深层土壤的含水量也高于其他处理;硅肥可提高紫花苜蓿根颈部可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量,并降低丙二醛含量,可提高紫花苜蓿的抗寒性。本试验结果初步证明冬灌可提高苜蓿越冬率。     

喷施不同纳米硅肥对红苋菜增产效果研究

[目的]研究不同纳米硅肥对红苋菜增产效果的影响。[方法]以制备的纳米二氧化硅、纳米硅藻土和纳米膨润土为硅肥,叶面喷施于盆栽红苋菜植株,测定红苋菜的增产效果。[结果]喷施上述3种纳米硅肥(Si O2浓度0.09%)后,苋菜鲜重和干重明显增加,分别比对照提高了11.20%、20.37%、31.49%。硅肥提高苋菜的产量,在矿石材料纳米硅藻土、纳米膨润土中存在Ca、Mg、Fe等中微量元素,对苋菜生长具有促进作用,茎粗增加,叶绿素含量提高。硅肥增强了光合作用、促进作物生长。[结论]该研究中,Si、Fe与材料的纳米结构多因素协同作用促进了苋菜生长,提高了肥料的利用率。     

硅肥对寒地水稻植株性状及产量的影响

在建三江挑选2家农户的田地进行硅肥试验,以龙粳31(11叶品种)为供试品种,选用两种不同的硅肥品种和不同的矿物硅肥施用量,研究硅肥对寒地水稻植株茎秆充实度、茎粗、壁厚、抗折力和产量的影响。试验结果表明:硅肥的施用可以显著提高水稻植株的茎粗、壁厚、节间充实度和抗折力,同时在一定范围内可以提高水稻产量。就产量而言,以矿物硅225 kg/hm2的施用量最适宜。     

硅肥对糯玉米产量、品质及抗倒性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了硅肥对糯玉米产量、品质及抗倒性的影响。结果表明:施硅能促进糯玉米根系生长发育,总根长平均比对照增加484.80 cm,根数平均比对照增加2.53条,每株根干重平均比对照增加2.55g;对糯玉米株高、穗位有不同程度的降低作用,株高分别比对照降低2.3 cm、3.2 cm、4.1 cm和5.5 cm,穗位高较对照平均降低3.7 cm;糯玉米茎粗明显增加,茎粗较对照平均增加0.16 cm;施用硅肥后,糯玉米品质得以改善,糯玉米粗蛋白、赖氨酸、淀粉和可溶性糖都有不同程度的增加,其中施用0.08g/kg干土的处理效果最佳,比对照分别增加7.18%、4.55%、1.70%和14.56%;产量显著提高,硅肥用量为0.12g/kg干土,产量最高,经济产量达197.8g/盆,比对照增产17.2%。     

硅肥对玉米的增产效果及增产机理初探

在淡黑钙土和黑钙土上,硅对玉米有明显的增产作用,平均增产8.6%.施硅(1)促进了玉米养分的吸收与运转,改善了玉米体内的营养状况;(2)抑制了玉米植株体内水分的蒸腾作用,提高了体内水分的利用率;(3)增加水分吸收量3.6%～9.4%,改善了植株体内的水分状况.玉米施硅增产的主要机理为上述三方面综合作用的结果.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

硅对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗不同叶位叶片叶绿素含量的影响

通过溶液培养,研究不同硅浓度(0、30、80、130、180 mg.L-1SiO2)对镉(4.0 mg.L-1Cd2+)胁迫下水稻幼苗不同叶位叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:30¹30 mg.L-1SiO2可提高对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗倒5、倒4叶位叶片3种色素含量,且130 mg.L-1SiO2均达到最佳效果,其中倒5叶位叶片3种色素含量分别较单独镉胁迫下提高189.47%、38.66%和75.93%,而倒4叶位叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量在130 mg.L-1SiO2分别为单独镉胁迫下的161.15%、166.23%和177.61%,但较高浓度(>130mg.L-1SiO2)时水稻幼苗倒5、倒4叶位叶片叶绿素含量却呈现下降趋势;水稻幼苗倒3叶位叶片3种色素含量均随着SiO2浓度的增加而呈上升趋势,当SiO2浓度为180 mg.L-1时,3种色素含量达到最高(2.5239、0.8120、3.3359 mg.g-1.FW);而硅对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗倒3、倒2、倒1叶位叶片3种色素含量影响较小,未及倒5、倒4等下位叶的影响显著。     

纳米二氧化硅对体外培养HaCaT细胞凋亡的影响

[目的]比较不同粒径(15、30、100 nm)纳米二氧化硅(nano-SiO2)和常规二氧化硅(Micro-SiO2)对人皮肤表皮细胞(HaCaT)生长的抑制作用及凋亡的影响。[方法]采用不同浓度(2.5、5、10μg/ml)不同粒径(15、30、100 nm)的nano-SiO2和10μg/ml的Micro-SiO2(1～5μm)染毒体外培养的HaCaT细胞24 h,同时设溶剂对照组(nano-SiO2和Micro-SiO2的分散液染毒组)。采用细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)法检测HaCaT细胞暴露于不同浓度、不同粒径的nano-SiO2后的细胞活力,用Annexinⅴ-PI双染法和Hoechest33342染色法测定细胞凋亡情况;使用2’,7’-二乙酰二氯荧光素荧光探针检测细胞内活性活性氧(ROS)水平。[结果]不同粒径的nano-SiO2纳米对HaCaT细胞的半数抑制浓度分别为(19.4±1.3)、(27.7±1.5)、(35.9±1.6)μg/ml。当染毒浓度固定时,随着nano-SiO2粒径的减小,凋亡率逐渐增加。当粒径固定时,胞内ROS的水平也随着nano-SiO2浓度的增大而增高。相关分析表明,细胞存活率和凋亡率与胞内活性氧的水平的相关性分别为-0.952和0.898(P<0.01)。[结论]nano-SiO2能抑制HaCaT细胞生长并可诱导其凋亡,这种现象的发生可能与胞内产生的活性氧水平有关。     

Extractable Silicon in Soils of the South African Sugar Industry and Relationships with Crop Uptake

Reports of sugarcane yield responses to silicon (Si), coupled with mounting evidence that elevated crop Si levels reduce both biotic and abiotic stresses, account for the interest in the Si nutrition of this crop. In terms of managing Si supplies to sugarcane in South Africa, uncertainties exist regarding, first, the reserves of plant-available Si in soils, and second, the reliability of soil-test methods for predicting Si availability. In this study, extractable Si was measured in 112 soils collected from sugarcane-producing fields in South Africa. Soils were selected on the basis of dominant soil types and included Inceptisols, Alfisols, Mollisols, Vertisols, Oxisols, Entisols, and Ultisols, varying widely in chemical properties, texture, and extent of weathering. Extractants employed were 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and 0.02 N sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). Silicon extracted with 0.02 N H₂SO₄ ranged from 2 to 293 mg kg^?1, whereas with 0.01 M CaCl₂ the range was 5 to 123 mg kg^?1. With both extractants, extractable Si decreased significantly with decreasing pH, exchangeable calcium (Ca), and total cations. In soils with potassium chloride (KCl)–extractable Al+H levels of greater than 0.5 cmol_cL^?1, extractable Si levels were consistently low, suggesting that soluble Al is implicated in reducing plant-available Si levels. Extractable Si levels were not related to the Bache and Williams P-sorption indices of soils. In the second part of the investigation, sugarcane leaf Si concentrations from 28 sites were related to soil extractable Si levels. The CaCl₂ soil test proved markedly superior to H₂SO₄ as a predictive test for leaf Si levels.