增施硅肥对枸杞生理代谢、产量及品质的影响

硅元素作为一种植物生长所需的有益元素,能有效提升作物产量,改善品质。以3 a生红枸杞‘宁杞7号’为试验材料,在常规滴灌施肥基础上分别设置叶面喷施硅肥+滴灌清水(T1)、叶面喷清水+滴灌增施硅肥(T2)、叶面喷施硅肥+滴灌增施硅肥(T3)3个处理,并以叶面喷施清水+滴灌清水为对照(CK),探讨增施硅肥对枸杞生理代谢、产量和品质的改善效果。结果表明:施硅处理能有效促进枸杞叶片的叶绿素合成及植株的营养生长,增加其叶片的植被覆盖指数(NDVI)和干物质累积量、光合速率(P_n)、水分利用率(WUE)在叶面喷施硅肥配合滴灌增施硅肥和叶面喷清水配合滴灌增施硅肥中均显著提高,叶片气孔导度(G_s)在叶面喷施硅肥配合滴灌增施硅肥中显著提高了16.98%,而叶面喷施硅肥配合滴施清水整体的效果不显著,蒸腾速率(T_r)在施硅处理中显著降低;增施硅肥可以显著改善浆果可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和还原性糖含量,对维生素C(V_C)含量有极显著影响,显著增加高达133.61%,但枸杞的总酸含量在各施硅处理下显著降低。枸杞的产量在叶面喷施硅肥配合滴施清水、叶面喷清水配合滴灌增施硅肥、叶面喷施配合滴灌增施硅肥中依次显著提高了3.46%、13.00%、24.57%,以叶面喷施配合滴灌增施硅肥处理下的经济效益达到最大,为35 270.8元·hm~(-2),增幅为26.73%,产投比为1.85。在常规施肥的基础上,通过增施硅肥能有效改善枸杞光合特性,提升枸杞产量,改善枸杞品质,尤其采用叶面喷施硅肥配合滴灌增施硅肥的方式对枸杞的生产应用有较大的推广价值。     

Potassium silicate and chitosan application for gray mold management in strawberry during storage

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of silicon and chitosan as alternative controls for postharvest rot of strawberries (gray mold) caused by Botrytis cinerea. Chitosan and potassium silicate applications were performed at the preharvest stage using the following treatments: chitosan once a week; potassium silicate once a week; potassium silicate once a week + chitosan once a week; and without application. An additional variable was introduced at postharvest, with one-half of the total fruit harvested from each plot dipped in chitosan and the other half not dipped in chitosan. Potassium silicate alone was not effective for rot control. Fruits from plants that received the chitosan application showed 64% less area under the rot progress curve (AURPC) than fruits from plants that were not treated with chitosan. Harvested fruits that were chitosan dipped showed 48% less AURPC than fruits that were not treated at postharvest. Chitosan application in the field and at postharvest is a promising strategy for the management of postharvest strawberry rot.     

低温下硅对春小麦种子萌发及抗氧化和渗透调节系统的影响

为了解硅缓解低温胁迫春小麦种子萌发的作用,以春小麦品种龙麦26和克旱16为材料,分析了低温条件下硅酸钠处理后春小麦种子萌发、渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性的变化。结果表明,低温条件下硅酸钠处理后,春小麦种子萌发显著受到促进,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数提高,其中以1.0mmol·L-1硅酸钠处理效果最好;小麦种子α-淀粉酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性以及可溶性糖含量显著提高,丙二醛含量、外渗电导率和脯氨酸含量显著降低。说明外源硅可缓解低温对春小麦种子萌发产生的影响。     

水稻硅素失调症及防治技术探讨

介绍了水稻硅素失调症的症状、发生条件,以及诊断和防治方法,以期为水稻科学生产提供理论依据。     

Silicon Improves Water Use Efficiency in Maize Plants

Abstract

The influence of silicon (Si) on water use efficiency (WUE) in maize plants (Zea mays L. cv. Nongda108) was investigated and the results showed that plants treated with 2 mmol L^?1 silicic acid (Si) had 20% higher WUE than that of plants without Si application. The WUE was increased up to 35% when the plants were exposed to water stress and this was accounted for by reductions in leaf transpiration and water flow rate in xylem vessels. To examine the effect of silicon on transpiration, changes in stomata opening were compared between Si-treated and nontreated leaves by measuring transpiration rate and leaf resistance. The results showed that the reduction in transpiration following the application of silicon was largely due to a reduction in transpiration rate through stomata, indicating that silicon influences stomata movement. In xylem sap of plants treated with 2 mmol L^?1 silicic acid, the Si concentration was 200-fold higher, while the Ca concentration which is mainly determined by the transpiration rate, was 2.5-fold lower than that of plants grown without Si. Furthermore, the water flow rate in xylem vessels of plants with and without Si was compared. Flow rate in plants with 2 mmol L^?1 Si was 20% lower than that without Si, which was accounted for by the increased affinity for water in xylem vessels induced by silica deposits. These results demonstrated the role of Si in improving WUE in maize plants.     

硅对严重干旱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

研究了硅对严重干旱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:黄瓜幼苗在严重干旱胁迫6 d后,Fo升高,Fm,Fv,Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo及NPQ均下降,施硅使各荧光参数均呈现相反的变化趋势。说明土壤施硅可缓解严重干旱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗光合机构的损伤与破坏,提高抗旱性能。     

非生物胁迫下硅素营养对植物的作用及其机理

硅是对植物生长有益的一种营养元素,能提高作物的产量,改善作物品质。目前有文献报道,硅还可以提高植物对非生物胁迫的抵抗能力。综述了国内外有关硅素营养在减轻铝、锰、盐分、重金属对植物毒害中的作用及机理方面的研究。     

施硅对玉米生长及蒸腾速率的影响

以玉米为试验材料,研究了土培条件下施Si与水分胁迫对玉米生长、蒸腾速率、叶片ABA浓度等的影响。结果表明:无论是否存在水分胁迫,施Si对玉米地上部生物量无显著影响;无论是否施Si,停止供水4d后玉米生物量明显降低;施Si显著降低了玉米植株的蒸腾速率,停止供水后其蒸腾速率明显低于正常水分供应处理,且随胁迫时间的延长,蒸腾速率逐渐降低;无论是否存在水分胁迫,施Si明显增加了玉米叶片的ABA浓度,同时水分胁迫增加了玉米叶片的内源ABA浓度。     

The release of silicon from amorphous silica and rice straw in Sri Lankan soils

Silicon release from rice straw and amorphous silica when shaken in solution with five Sri Lankan soils was studied indirectly using sorption isotherms and changes in concentration and directly using straw in dialysis bags examined using electron microscopy. The aim was to further our understanding of the processes and factors affecting the release of straw-Si in soils and its availability to rice. The soils (alfisols and ultisols) shaken with 0.1 M NaCl (5 g per 125 mL for 250 days) produced concentrations of 1–4 mg L⁻¹ of monosilicic acid-Si. Amorphous silica added to these suspensions (36.5 mg, containing 17 mg Si) raised the concentrations to 20–40 mg L⁻¹, and added rice straw (0.5 g, containing 17 mg Si) gave 10–25 mg L⁻¹. Sorption isotherms (7 days equilibrations) were used to calculate from the concentrations the amounts of Si released (24–38% and 8–21%, respectively). Both materials gave about 40 mg L⁻¹ of monosilicic acid-Si plus 30 mg L⁻¹ of disilicic acid-Si when shaken in solution alone (5 g per 125 mL). Straw in dialysis bags (0.5 g per 25 mL in 0.1 M NaCl) was shaken in soil suspension (5 g per 100 mL) for 60 days. Similar concentrations and releases were measured to those obtained above. About one fifth of the mass of straw was lost by decomposition in the first 15 days. A chloroform treatment prevented decomposition, but Si release was unaffected. Disintegration continued throughout the experiments, with phytoliths being exposed and dissolved. Compared to the rate of release from straw into solution without soil, the release of Si into soil suspensions was increased during the first 20 days by adsorption on the soil, but was then reduced probably through the effect of Fe and Al on the phytolith surfaces. The extent of this blocking effect varied between soils and was not simply related to soil pH.     

辽宁省水稻主产区土壤硅素肥力与产量的关系研究

针对辽宁省各水稻主产区的典型水稻土,采用水浸法测定硅素含量,结合盆栽试验研究硅素肥力与产量的关系。结果表明,所有土样施硅肥处理的水稻产量均有增加;不同土样施硅肥的增产率不同;水浸法土壤硅素测定结果适用于评价辽宁地区水稻土硅素肥力状况。