麦蚜迁飞的研究进展

麦蚜分布广、食性杂、繁殖力强,是世界性的农业害虫。在此,从麦蚜的田间网捕、传毒能力、飞行磨测试以及分子遗传学研究等七方面介绍了麦蚜迁飞行为的主要研究进展,讨论了麦蚜迁飞的生态意义,可能的蚜源基地及需要进一步研究的问题。     

DIBOA in wild Poaceae: Sources of resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) and the greenbug (Schizaphis graminum)

Hydroxamic acids are secondary metabolites typical of Poaceae that play a role in cereal resistance against pests and pathogens. The content of the hydroxamic acid aglucones DIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) and DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) was evaluated in wild Poaceae belonging to the tribes Triticeae (genera Hordeum and Elymus) and Aveneae (genera Deschampsia and Phalaris). The concentration of DIBOA in seedling extracts of the wild barleys Hordeum chilense, H. brevisubulatum subsp. violaceum and H. bulbosum was negatively correlated with parameters related to performance of the cereal aphids Schizaphis graminum and Diuraphis noxia. The relevance of the results obtained for breeding programs aimed at increasing cereal resistance against aphids is discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Resistance against greenbug, Schizuphis graminum Rond., and Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko, in tritordeum amphiploids

A collection of tritordeum amphiploids (Hordeum chilense × Triticum turgadum) and their wheat parents were screened for resistance against the two main aphid pesis of cereals, the greenhug. Schizaphis graminum Rond. and ihe Russian wheat aphid (RWA) Diuraphis naxia Mord-vilko. Antixenosis. antibiosis and tolerance were evaluated in controlled environmental conditions using a. clone of greenbug biotypc C and a clone of RWA collected on pasta wheat. Tritordeum amphiploids pos-sess genetic resistance against greenbug and RWA; some of the lines tested were more resistant than the parental wheat line. Four principal components explained the resistance against both aphid species. The antixenosis shown against both pests was mainly contributed by their wheat parents. The antibiosis againsl both aphid species was obviously dependent on diflerent plant traits. The highest levels of antibiosis against the two aphids occurred in different amphiploids. Different genes are involved in the antibiotic reaction against the two aphids. The Tritordeum resistance to RWA is based on anlixenosis and ant-biosis since the tolerance trails were not independent of the other types of resistance. The level of tolerance shown to the greenbug was variable and appears to be controlled by differeni mechanisms. The tolerance to aphids shown by H. chilense is expressed in the amphiploids. but with some genomic interaction. Genes conferring resistance to aphids in H. chilensee could be incorporated into new cultivars of wheat to broaden their genetic base of resistance against greenbug and RWA.     

杨陵地区麦二叉蚜在小麦品种Amigo上的抗性鉴定

根据麦二叉蚜种下生物型分化特性 ,设计了小麦品种 Amigo的抗蚜性和麦二叉蚜生物型鉴定试验。分析了自然条件下小麦品种 Amigo对麦二叉蚜的出生率、死亡率和内秉增长率的影响 ,组建了自然条件下麦二叉蚜在小麦品种 Amigo上的生命表。以生命表中的内秉增长率和稳定年龄组配为指标进行生物型鉴定分析。结果表明 :1麦二叉蚜在 Amigo上的生存曲线、繁殖曲线同麦二叉蚜在其它品种上的表现一致 ,分别为 B型和偏峰曲线 ;2平均世代时间为 1 1 .7670 d,周限增长率为 1 .1 45 3 ;3种群的瞬时出生率为 0 .3 2 2 0 ,瞬时死亡率为 0 .1 846;4内秉增长率为 0 .1 3 5 7;5稳定年龄期组配成蚜比例为 3 7.64% ,若蚜为 62 .3 7% ,与二叉蚜在其它小麦品种上的参数差异不显著。参数分析表明 ,在 Amigo品种上的麦二叉蚜种群发展趋势是上升的 ,种群数量是增长的 ,可见杨陵地区麦二叉蚜既非 A、B,也非 C生物型 ,品种 Amigo不抗本地区麦二叉蚜     

Inheritance of biotype E greenbug resistance in bread wheat CI 17882 and its relationship with wheat streak mosaic virus resistance

Summary Genetic studies were conducted to determine the inheritance of biotype E greenbug resistance in CI 17882 (CI 15092/T. speltoides//Fletcher/3/4^* Centurk), a wheat germplasm line previously released as resistant to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). In addition, the association of greenbug and WSMV resistance in CI 17882 was examined. Results indicated that biotype E greenbug resistance in CI 17882 is conditioned by a single dominant gene that is not linked with the WSMV resistance gene.Cooperative research of the USDA, Agricultural Research Service and the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. Journal article 4845 of the Oklahoma Agric. Exp. Stn., Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK 74078.     

Development of a triticale resistant to the greenbug: An historical perspective

Summary A greenbug [Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)] resistant strain of rye (Secale cereale L.) Insave F.A. from Argentina was crossed with Chinese Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and also with Elbon and Balbo cultivars of common rye. Juvenile plants of the primary wheat X rye hybrid were treated with colchicine. Partially fertile amphidiploids were obtained that are resistant to greenbug Biotypes B and C. F₁ and F₂ populations of seedling plants derived from crosses of Insave F.A. with Elbon and Balbo rye were tested for reaction to the greenbug to determine the genetic basis of inheritance. The results confirmed previous reports that resistance in Insave F.A. is conditioned by a single dominant gene.Deceased     

Genetic analysis of biotype I greenbug resistance in sorghum

The greenbug has been a major insect pest of sorghum since 1968. Although sources of genetic resistance have been identified to combat this pest, new and virulent biotypes have successfully overcome these resistance genes. KS 97 was developed and released by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station as a new germplasm source of biotype I greenbug resistance in sorghum. The objectives of this study were to evaluate combining ability effects for greenbug resistance in KS 97 and to determine the number of genes responsible for this trait. Six inbred lines, including KS 97 and greenbug resistant and susceptible checks, were intercrossed using a Design-II mating scheme to produce nine F1 hybrids. Responses of seedlings of parent lines and hybrids to biotype I greenbug were evaluated in replicated growth chamber experiments. The results of these studies indicated significant effects of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). Greenbug resistance derived from KS 97 was found to be incompletely dominant, and the GCA effect for resistance associated with KS 97 was superior to that associated with PI550610, the resistant check. Segregation studies to determine the number of genes responsible for greenbug resistance in KS 97 were conducted in BC1F1 populations. KS 97 was introgressed into three greenbug-susceptible genetic backgrounds. Segregation analysis indicated a consistent 1:3 (resistant:susceptible) segregation ratio for greenbug resistance across populations. The simplest explanation for these results is that two dominant genes requiring complementary gene action control resistance. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Location of genes controlling resistance to greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rond.) in Hordeum chilense

Wheat/Hordeum chilense disomic addition lines have been used to locate genes influencing resistance against greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rond.) in specific chromosomes of H. chilense. H. chilense is a source of antixenosis, antibiosis and host tolerance to the greenbug, being resistant also to the Russian wheat aphid, the two key pests in wheat. For measuring antixenosis, the numbers of aphids per plant were recorded in a host free choice test; antibiotic resistance was determined by measuring the developmental time, the fecundity and the intrinsic rate of population increase of aphids reared on the different hosts, and host tolerance to aphids was evaluated by the leaf damage and the number of expanded leaves on the hosts after 3 weeks of infestation. The greenbugs belonged to a clone of biotype C. Plant genes with positive effects for antixenosis were located on chromosome 1H^ch. Genes with positive effects for antibiosis were located on three different chromosomes and those that prolonged aphid developmental time were located on chromosomes 5H^ch and 7H^ch while those that reduced the total fecundity were on 4Hch. Chromosome 7H^ch accounted for host tolerance to greenbug.     

胞内共生菌对麦二叉蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

 为了探求胞内共生菌对麦二叉蚜［Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)］生长发育和繁殖的影响,用利福平处理得到脱共生麦二叉蚜,在不同品种（系）小麦苗上单头饲养,研究了共生和脱共生麦二叉蚜的生长发育和繁殖生物学参数。结果表明: (1)在中抗小麦品系35Q10上,共生麦二叉蚜的若虫发育历期、平均世代时间和寿命显著短于脱共生麦二叉蚜。而成虫发育历期显著长于脱共生麦二叉蚜;在高抗小麦品系35Q9上,共生麦二叉蚜的若虫发育历期、平均世代时间显著短于脱共生麦二叉蚜,而成虫发育历期、寿命显著长于脱共生麦二叉蚜;在小偃22小麦品种上,共生麦二叉蚜的若虫发育历期、成虫发育历期、平均世代时间与脱共生麦二叉蚜均无显著差异,而共生麦二叉蚜的寿命显著长于脱共生麦二叉蚜。(2)在3个小麦品种（系）上,共生麦二叉蚜内禀增长率、周缘增长率、净繁殖率、粗繁殖率均显著高于脱共生麦二叉蚜,且在中抗小麦品系35Q10上变化最大。(3)在3个小麦品种（系）上,共生麦二叉蚜的日均繁殖率及日繁殖总数曲线峰值均比脱共生麦二叉蚜出现的早,且峰值高度均比脱共生麦二叉蚜高。由此认为,胞内共生菌对麦二叉蚜的生长发育和繁殖均具有促进作用,且取食小麦品种（系）不同,促进作用程度不同。     

星豹蛛捕食麦蚜的功能反应研究

在实验条件下，研究了黑豹蛛雌、雄个体对不同密度麦蚜的捕食功能；以及在密度（ｘ＜６４）时和密度（ｘ≥６４）时雌、雄个体寻找效应的差异。