Carbon Budget and Aggregate Stability of Paddy Soil under Continuous Organic Amendment

ABSTRACT

Damage to soil structures and depletions of soil carbon under paddy cultivation are concerns for the sustenance of food security in Bangladesh. Long-term organic amendment in paddy field plays an important role in improving soil properties and crop productivity, but no such study has yet been conducted under rice-fallow-rice. A field experiment was carried out with or without the addition of cow dung (CD) and poultry manure (PM) as integrated plant nutrient systems (IPNS) to evaluate soil organic carbon (SOC) budget, net ecosystem carbon stock, and aggregate stability. The experiment was established in 2009 and continued until 2016 under the rice-fallow-rice system. Soil bulk density reduced from 1.39 to 1.37 g cm^?3 and soil aggregate size increased from 6.78 to 7.05 mm with organic amendments. Both carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents increased with the addition of CD and PM, which varied with aggregate size. The highest C (1.6–2.15%) and N (0.11–0.24%) contents were observed in 0.30 mm aggregate than other fractions. Soil organic C contents showed polynomial relationships with aggregate size and organic amendment. The SOC sequestration ranged from 94 to 168 kg ha^?1 depending on organic materials used. The C balances were negative for control (?99 to ?201 kg ha^?1) and chemical fertilizers alone (?58 to ?91 kg ha^?1). In comparison to control treatment, grain yield of rice increased significantly with the addition of organic substances. Balanced application of CD and PM with IPNS-based inorganic fertilizers was the best management option for yield and sustainable soil health.     

稻-菜轮作高产高效栽培技术探讨

从介绍稻-菜轮作模式两茬作物茬口安排出发,详细阐述了稻-菜轮作主要栽培技术,包括品种选择、菜花栽培技术及水稻栽培技术等方面,并分析了稻-菜轮作模式效益。     

不同轮耕方式与生物炭对土壤酶活性、土壤养分及小麦和玉米产量的影响

通过研究豫东平原不同轮耕方式与生物炭对土壤酶活性、养分及小麦和玉米产量的影响,为该地区选择适宜的耕作与培肥制度提供理论依据。采用3年田间定位试验,以小麦旋耕玉米免耕不施生物炭（RB0）为对照,设置3种生物炭用量（B1：2.5t/hm²,B2：5.0t/hm²,B3：7.5t/hm²）和2种轮耕耕作方式（R：小麦旋耕玉米免耕,D：小麦深翻玉米免耕）的交互处理。结果表明,在0~20cm土层,与RB0相比,不同处理均能显著提高土壤有机碳、速效养分含量及土壤酶活性,不同轮耕方式下土壤有机碳、速效养分含量及土壤酶活性随生物炭施用量增加而增加,RB3和DB3处理效果最好。在20~40cm土层,D处理显著提高土壤有机碳、速效养分含量及土壤酶活性,其中DB3处理效果最好。与2020年相比,除土壤碱性磷酸酶外,2021年不同处理均不同程度地提高了土壤有机碳、速效养分含量、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性。不同处理均能够显著增加小麦和玉米产量,2020年增幅分别为6.02%~17.52%和5.07%~11.02%,2021年分别为7.01%~20.87%和6.53%~18.13%,DB3处理产量最高,显著高于其他大部分处理。     

旱作条件下轮作模式和秸秆还田对土壤碳平衡的影响

为稳定农田土壤碳库,减少土壤碳元素流失,在西北农林科技大学校内试验基地开展为期2a的田间定位试验,研究麦豆轮作及秸秆覆盖量对土壤碳平衡影响。以麦闲轮作秸秆不还田(S0)、秸秆全量还田(S1)、秸秆半量还田(S1/2)为对照,设置麦豆轮作S0、S1、S1/2等处理,采用GXH-3010E1型便携式红外线分析仪及重铬酸钾加热法分别测定土壤碳排放通量和土壤有机碳质量分数。结果表明,2a试验期间,单位空间土壤(1m3)有机碳储量均发生变化,麦闲轮作土壤有机碳储量提升0.92×105 kg·m-3,麦豆轮作提升2.11×105 kg·m-3。其中,麦闲轮作S1/2处理增加1.64×105 kg·m-3,S1处理增加3.63×105 kg·m-3;麦豆轮作S1/2处理增加0.45×105 kg·m-3,S1处理保持稳定。观测期内麦闲地土壤碳排放通量最高值为9 000kg·m-2·h-1,麦豆地最高值为6 000kg·m-2·h-1;与麦闲区相比,麦豆轮作区碳排放总量降低了1.36×103 kg·m-2,S1/2处理碳排放总量最低。在黄土旱区实行少耕麦豆轮作半量秸秆还田有助于稳定土壤碳库减少土壤碳排放。     

不同种植方式对北疆绿洲土壤养分和生物学性状的影响

长期种植不同作物对土壤的理化性质与生物学性状有很大影响。本研究针对北疆绿洲灰漠土几种典型作物种植方式,研究了不同作物长期种植对土壤养分、酶活性、微生物量碳氮以及土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:长期种植不同作物使土壤表层(0～20cm)与亚表层(20～40cm)的土壤肥力性质产生明显分异,表层土壤的肥力水平明显高于亚表层;土壤pH则表层低于亚表层,而不同种植方式对灰漠土pH无显著影响。长期种植不同作物对土壤主要生物过程关键酶活性、土壤呼吸等土壤生物性状有明显影响,磷酸酶、脲酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶在不同种植方式下差异显著,小麦/油葵轮作10年(WSR)方式下上述5种酶活性均较高。土壤微生物量碳氮随棉花连作年限的延长而显著下降,且玉米连作10年(CrM)、小麦连作10年后棉花连作10年(WCtR)、棉花连作15年(CtM)和小麦/油葵轮作10年的土壤微生物量碳氮比分别为6.31、6.02、5.83和3.53。不同种植方式下土壤呼吸在120h内的变化均为先下降后趋于平稳,不同种植方式下的土壤呼吸商之间呈显著性差异,WSR呼吸商最高,平均20.54μg(CO2-C)·mg-1(Bc)·h-1,WCtR最低,平均14.01μg(CO2-C)·mg-1(Bc)·h-1。作物长期连作后与绿肥作物轮作,有利于提高土壤生物活性,是一种较好的种植方式。     

皖南双季稻区烟稻轮作生态环境的配套技术研究

本文通过对K326、RGH51两个烤烟品种不同移栽期、不同施氮水平及配比试验研究,结果表明:皖南双季稻区烟稻轮作生态环境[1]中等肥力田块,烤烟生产以3月25—4月8日期间移栽到大田,施化学纯氮97.5-105kg/hm2,N:P2O5:K2O=1:1-1.5:3等为宜,既可保证上部叶充分成熟采烤,获得优质适产,又能适时腾茬栽插晚稻,科学地解决烟稻争茬矛盾,能充分地利用皖南烟区温光资源,获得烟稻轮作双丰收。     

A simulation-based analysis of productivity and soil carbon in response to time-controlled rotational grazing in the West African Sahel region

In the Sahel region of West Africa, the traditional organization of the population and the grazing land avoided overexploitation of pastures. Since independence in the 1960s, grazing lands have been opened to all without specific guidance, and the vulnerability of the pastures to degradation has increased. Rotational grazing is postulated as a possible solution to provide higher pasture productivity, higher animal loads per unit land, and perhaps improved soil carbon storage. The objective of this study was to conduct a simulation-based assessment of the impact of rotational grazing management on pasture biomass production, grazing efficiency, animal grazing requirement satisfaction, and soil carbon storage in the Madiama Commune, Mali. The results showed that grazing intensity is the primary factor influencing the productivity of annual pastures and their capacity to provide for animal grazing requirements. Rotating the animals in paddocks is a positive practice for pasture protection that showed advantage as the grazing pressure increased. Increasing the size of the reserve biomass not available for grazing, which triggers the decision of taking the animals off the field, provided better pasture protection but reduced animal grazing requirements satisfaction. In terms of soil carbon storage, all management scenarios led to reduction of soil carbon at the end of the 50-year simulation periods, ranging between 4% and 5% of the initial storage. The differences in reduction as a function of grazing intensity were of no practical significance in these soils with very low organic matter content, mostly resistant to decomposition.     

玉米宽窄行轮换种植、条带深松、留高茬新耕作制对土壤性状的影响

针对吉林省中部松辽平原台地旱情日益加重 ,黑土区培肥问题日趋严峻 ,采用玉米宽窄行轮换种植、条带深松、留高茬耕作新技术。通过 3年对土壤理化性状的分析表明 ,该项技术可以有效地提高土壤蓄水能力 ,建立土壤水库 ,更重要的是可以增加秸秆还田量 2 0 % ,增加土壤有机质 ,培肥地力 ,增加产量。因此是当前推广旱作节水农业技术中有效的办法。     

Soil properties, and cotton growth, yield and fibre quality in three cotton-based cropping systems

The effects of three cotton-based cropping systems on soil properties, black root rot severity, and growth of cotton in a Vertisol were evaluated after a series of floods in eastern Australia. The experimental treatments, which had been imposed since 1985, were conventionally and minimum-tilled continuous cotton, and minimum-tilled cotton–wheat rotation. Frequent rainfall and flooding during the winter of 1998 resulted in near saturated soil at spring sowing in October. Although conventional tillage operations were completed before flooding, minimum tillage operations were not possible due to excessive moisture and cotton was sown onto the old beds with no-tillage. Soil specific volume (electrical conductivity of a 1:5 soil:water suspension) EC_1:5, exchangeable Na content, pH and organic C were determined for the top 0.6 m of the profile in summer 1998 and again in 1999. Organic C in the surface 0.10 m was also evaluated during 1998–2000. Black root rot severity and mycorrhizal fungal colonisation were evaluated at 6 weeks after sowing. Tissue nutrient concentrations were measured in mature cotton plants. Cotton lint yield and fibre quality were evaluated after picking and ginning.

In comparison with either minimum- or conventionally tilled continuous cotton, minimum-tilled cotton–wheat rotation had the lowest exchangeable Na content and severity of bacterial black root rot, best surface structure and the highest crop growth, nutrient uptake and lint yields. Subsoil structure was the best with conventionally tilled continuous cotton. The 1998 floods appear to have decreased exchangeable Na and increased soil pH in all treatments. Surface organic C also decreased between 1998 and 2000. Soil structural damage was minimised by avoiding tillage and trafficking in wet conditions. Compared with 1998, average yield decreases in 1999 were of the order of 43%. Cotton lint fibre quality was also poorer in 1999.     

Activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in rat striatum induces contralateral rotation

AIM: To study the subtype of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) which induce contralateral rotations of rats after mGluRs activation.METHODS:Turning movement was measured at 6 h after agonist or antagonist of mGluRs was microinjected into rat striatum. RESULTS: tACPD, an agonist of mGluRs, at 500 nmol and 1 000 nmol induced contralateral rotations of rats. L-AP₃, MCPG and dantrolene attenuated the turning effect of tACPD. DHPG, a selective agonist of group I mGluRs, mimicked the effect of tACPD. The effect of DHPG was blocked by MCPG, LY367385 (antagonist of mGluR₁) and MPEP (antagonist of mGluR₅), and abolished by pretreatment with reserpine (5mg/kg). CONCLUSION:These results indicated the activation of group I mGluRs in rat striatum induced turning effect, which may be associated with the mobilization of intracellular Ca²⁺ stores and dependant on the existence of dopamine.