菠萝-甘蔗轮作制度对甘蔗生长及土壤生态的影响

研究菠萝-甘蔗轮作制对甘蔗生长及土壤生态的影响结果表明,菠萝-甘蔗轮作甘蔗产量和糖度均高于甘蔗-甘蔗连作;与连作田相比轮作田可改善土壤通气性和蓄水能力,加速土壤速效养分的释放,增强土壤酶活性和增加土壤微生物总量;有益的氨化细菌和硝化细菌成倍增加,而无益的厌氧性细菌、反硝化细菌则受抑制。     

Suppressing soil-borne diseases with residue management and organic amendments

Changes in agricultural practices with time have led to a decline in soil structure and with it, an increase in soil-borne plant diseases. Agricultural practices such as incorporating organic amendments and managing the type and quantity of crop residue, have a direct impact on plant health and crop productivity. Soil management practices involving tillage, rotation, and burning will impact the amount and quality of organic matter that is returned to the soil. These practices influence pathogen viability and distribution, nutrient availability, and the release of biologically active substances from both crop residues and soil microorganisms as illustrated by the model system of Cochliobolus sativus on the development of common root rot in cereals. The application of organic amendments, manures and composts that are rich in nitrogen, may reduce soil-borne diseases by releasing allelochemicals generated during product storage or by subsequent microbial decomposition. The modes of action for disease suppression are elucidated for a number of diseases including verticillium wilt and common scab of potato. Developing disease suppressive soils by introducing organic amendments and crop residue management takes time, but the benefits accumulate across successive years improving soil health and structure.     

捕食性天敌对褐稻虱种群的控制作用

本文将集中作用于褐稻虱若虫和成虫期的稻田捕食性天敌归纳为4个类群、分别作用于褐稻虱种群1～2龄若虫、3～5龄若虫和成虫3个状态,应用五因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计方法进行试验,结合生命表资料,建立褐稻虱这3个状态的控制指数方程,通过状态空间分析法和控制指数的综合分析,结果表明,稻田捕食性天敌对褐稻虱种群的控制作用是明显的。     

Soil carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from long-term tillage systems in continuous corn and corn–soybean rotations

Although the Midwestern United States is one of the world's major agricultural production areas, few studies have assessed the effects of the region's predominant tillage and rotation practices on greenhouse gas emissions from the soil surface. Our objectives were to (a) assess short-term chisel (CP) and moldboard plow (MP) effects on soil CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes relative to no-till (NT) and, (b) determine how tillage and rotation interactions affect seasonal gas emissions in continuous corn and corn–soybean rotations on a poorly drained Chalmers silty clay loam (Typic Endoaquoll) in Indiana. The field experiment itself began in 1975. Short-term gas emissions were measured immediately before, and at increasing hourly intervals following primary tillage in the fall of 2004, and after secondary tillage in the spring of 2005, for up to 168 h. To quantify treatment effects on seasonal emissions, gas fluxes were measured at weekly or biweekly intervals for up to 14 sampling dates in the growing season for corn. Both CO₂ and CH₄ emissions were significantly affected by tillage but not by rotation in the short-term following tillage, and by rotation during the growing season. Soil temperature and moisture conditions in the surface 10 cm were significantly related to CO₂ emissions, although the proportion of variation explained by temperature and moisture was generally very low (never exceeded 27%) and varied with the tillage system being measured. In the short-term, CO₂ emissions were significantly higher for CP than MP and NT. Similarly, mean seasonal CO₂ emissions during the 2-year period were higher for CP (6.2 Mg CO₂-C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) than for MP (5.9 Mg CO₂-C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) and NT (5.7 Mg CO₂-C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). Both CP and MP resulted in low net CH₄ uptake (7.6 and 2.4 kg CH₄-C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively) while NT resulted in net emissions of 7.7 kg CH₄-C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Mean emissions of CO₂ were 16% higher from continuous corn than from rotation corn during the two growing seasons. After 3 decades of consistent tillage and crop rotation management for corn and soybean producing grain yields well above average in the Midwest, continuous NT production in the corn–soybean rotation was identified as the system with the least soil-derived C emissions to the atmosphere from among those evaluated prior to and during corn production.     

种植方式对玉米大豆套作体系中作物产量、养分吸收和种间竞争的影响

为探寻玉米-大豆套作体系下作物间的资源竞争关系,揭示玉米-大豆套作系统的增产机理,本研究以玉米-大豆套作系统(简称玉豆套作)为对象,通过2 a大田定位试验,研究了玉豆套作带状连作(A1)、玉豆套作带状轮作(A2)、玉豆套作等行距种植(A3)、玉米单作(A4)、大豆单作(A5)5种种植方式对玉米、大豆的产量、养分吸收及种间竞争能力的影响。结果表明,与单作和等行距种植相比,带状种植的玉米产量降低、大豆产量显著增加,A2的大豆产量分别比A5和A3高25.5%和89.2%。与带状连作相比,带状轮作促进玉米增产和对N、P、K的吸收,玉米籽粒产量及植株N、P、K的吸收总量分别提高7.5%、18.5%、9.1%、14.1%。与大豆单作相比,带状套作显著增加了大豆的经济系数和养分收获指数,A2的经济系数和植株N、P、K收获指数分别增加40.9%、11.9%、20.6%、39.9%。带状种植方式下,玉米对N、P、K的竞争力弱于大豆(Ams0,CRms1),但带状轮作提高了玉米的种间竞争力和营养竞争比率。玉米-大豆套作体系下,相对带状连作和等行距种植,带状轮作种植有利于玉米与大豆间的和谐共生,促进了玉米、大豆对养分的吸收,提高了系统的产量和土地当量比率(LER)。     

Quantification of the effects of rotation breaks on soil biological properties and their impact on yield decline in sugarcane

Three contrasting rotation breaks (sown pasture, alternate crops and bare fallow) were established at five sites in Queensland, Australia, on land that had been under sugarcane monoculture for at least 20 years. The breaks were in place for 30-42 months at four sites and for 12 months at the fifth site. The effects of the breaks on selected soil biological properties were assessed following the removal of the breaks and before the area was re-planted with sugarcane. At the four sites with the long-term breaks, microbial biomass increased under the pasture break, declined under the bare fallow break and did not change significantly under the crop break, compared to microbial biomass under continual sugarcane. At these sites, populations of the root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus zeae) declined under all three breaks whereas populations of free-living nematodes increased under the pasture and crop breaks but declined under the bare fallow break. At the site with the 12 month breaks, a forage legume pasture increased microbial biomass, reduced lesion nematodes and together with the crop break increased populations of free-living nematodes. At the four sites with the long-term breaks there was an increase in the ratio of fungal:bacterial fatty acids and an increase in fatty acid 16:1ω5c (used as a biomarker for mycorrhizal fungi) under the pasture and crop breaks. Also at these sites, the soil microbial community under the pasture, crop and bare fallow breaks, respectively, showed increased, no change or diminished capacity to utilize carbon substrates compared to the soil microbial community under continual sugarcane. The yield of the sugarcane crop following all three breaks was significantly higher than the yield of the crop following continual sugarcane at each of the sites with the long-term breaks. Examination of the longevity of the effect of the rotation breaks on soil biological properties at the sites with the long-term breaks, suggested that effects on some soil organisms (e.g. lesion nematodes) maybe short-lived.     

拖拉机梭式挡典型故障分析及结构改进

通过对拖拉机梭式挡结构及故障分析,将梭式挡输出齿轮及衬套直接与啮合套做成一体,从而避免梭式挡输出齿轮与衬套研死故障,同时还能降低结构成本。     

小麦、毛苕子与黄瓜轮作对土壤微生态环境及产量的影响

采用常规方法及PCR-DGGE技术对土壤速效养分含量、土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构多样性以及黄瓜产量进行分析,以探究小麦、毛苕子与黄瓜轮作对黄瓜土壤微生态环境及产量的影响。结果表明,不同轮作处理均显著地提高了黄瓜产量,有效地改善了土壤微生态环境。其中小麦-黄瓜轮作黄瓜产量极显著高于对照(p<0.01),增产28.04%,其多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶及脲酶活性总体较高。毛苕子-黄瓜处理增产16.78%,并增加了土壤养分含量,转化酶活性较高,极显著高于对照(p<0.01)。DGGE结果表明,轮作有助于根际土壤细菌种类的增多及结瓜后期真菌种类的减少,其中毛苕子-黄瓜处理的影响更为明显。小麦-黄瓜轮作对土壤真菌与定植后30 d土壤细菌群落结构具有一定的影响。总之,小麦、毛苕子与黄瓜轮作有利于缓解黄瓜连作障碍,改善土壤微生态环境,提高黄瓜产量。     

山西亚高山草甸青草期羔羊划区轮牧试验

以羔羊于青草期在亚高山草甸类草地进行了划区轮牧试验,试验羔羊分为四组,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组对草地牧草的利用率分别为40、50和60%,第Ⅳ组为对照,自由放牧。其结果表明,划区轮牧三组羔羊的增重分别比自由放牧提高52.16、47.15和41.62％(P<0.01),胴体重分别较自由放牧增加43.56、23.22和29.67％(P<0.05).通过实施划区轮牧,既能合理利用草地,又能提高放牧家畜的畜产品产量。亚高山草甸类草地四个月的青草期划区轮牧育肥羔羊,每只羊约需草地面积0.09～0.13ha.     

栽培因子对风沙土区小麦产量的数学模型研究

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了松嫩平原西部风沙土区小麦籽粒产量与密度、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥四因素的定量关系,建立了产量形成的密度、肥料反应模型,解析了各因素对总产量的主效应及互作效应,寻求定量生产水平下的最佳农艺措施,为松嫩平原风沙土区小麦栽培提供科学依据。试验结果表明,风沙土区小麦高产栽培措施为:密度822.75万～876.45万株/hm2,氮肥(N)129.10～144.05kg/hm2,磷肥(P2O5)116.92～127.88kg/hm2,钾肥(K2O)68.28～78.30kg/hm2,之间的交互作用为正效应,适量增加氮磷肥施用量有助于产量的提高。