Root growth enhancement by rhizospheric aluminum treatment in Quercus serrata Thunb. seedlings

This article discusses the effect of aluminum on root growth of Querucus serrata Thunb. In a 9-week hydroponics experiment, the effects of various concentrations (0 to 5.0 mM) of Al on root growth were examined. Results revealed that root biomass increases with the increase in Al concentration up to 2.5 mM, and then it tended to decrease. In the next experiment, the effects of H⁺ and Al³⁺ on roots were compared in a 4-week hydroponics experiment using three treatment solutions: control (pH 6.0), −Al (without Al, pH 3.5), and +Al (with 2.5 mM Al, pH 3.5). No clear difference in the biomass and root length between the control and −Al treated roots was observed, and root and shoot biomass were increased by Al treatment. These results confirmed that the H⁺ concentration level, at a pH of 3.5, is not toxic for Q. serrata and the Al-induced increase in root biomass is not caused by the amelioration of H⁺ toxicity by Al. In the third experiment, roots were exposed to an Al solution (pH 3.6) intermittently. This treatment clarified that Al stimulated rooting and root elongation. In the fourth experiment, the effect of 1 mM Al on root growth during a 15-month period in a sand culture were examined. This experiment confirmed that Al stimulated good growth and development of root systems at appropriate concentrations. Therefore, it is considered that Al-induced root growth enhancement occurs as a long-term and short-term phenomenon.     

Morphological plasticity of cotton roots in response to interspecific competition with pecan in an alleycropping system in the southern United States

A study was conducted in northwest Florida, USA, to investigate root development and morphology of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) trees in an alleycropping experiment. Root:shoot ratio, root biomass, total root length and root length density were examined under three treatments: (1) barrier (separating belowground interspecific competition by trenching to a depth of 120 cm and installing polyethylene barrier), (2) non-barrier (root systems were free to interact), and (3) monoculture of cotton (without above and belowground interspecific competition with trees). Results indicated that plants in the barrier and non-barrier treatments had lower root:shoot ratios compared to the monoculture treatment. Belowground competition for resources between pecan and cotton in the non-barrier treatment resulted in 25 and 33% reduction of total root length (359 cm) when compared to that of the barrier (477 cm) and monoculture (539 cm) treatments, respectively. The non-barrier plants also exhibited the lowest root length density. Specific root length was highest for the monoculture (179 cm g⁻¹) and lowest for the non-barrier treatment (146 cm g⁻¹) with the barrier treatment being intermediate (165 cm g⁻¹). Interspecific competition with pecan significantly altered root development and morphology of cotton plants. Research in agroforestry should take into account the developmental differences in root systems of the associated crop species so that better models incorporating nutrient and water uptake can be developed.     

杉木、马尾松裸根苗水分关系研究

Water relation parameters of bare-root seedlings of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.)and Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.)were measured and changes of root growth potential as well as field survival rate of both species were studied after the bare-root seedlings were exposed in a sunny field condition.the results showed that masson pine had a lower osmotic potential(-2.07Mpa) at turgor loss point and at full turgor(-1.29Mpa),compared with Chinese fir(-1.80Mpa and -1.08Mpa respectively).The parameter Vp/Vo(63.27%) of Masson pine was higher than that of chinese fir (58.03%).This means that Masson pine has a stronger ability to tolerate desiccation,compared to Chinese fir according to analysis of above water relation parameters.Root growth potential and field survival rate decreased with prolonging duration of exposure.The field survival rate of both species was reduced to less than 40% after the seedling being exposed only two hours.Water potentials of -1.60 Mpa and -1.70 Mpa were suggested to be critical values for Chinese fir and Masson pine respectively in successful reforestation.     

杉檫混交根系效应的研究

In this paper,the root system and their associated effect of mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tsumu at eight-year-old were investigated and analyzed.The results showed that Sassafras tsumu might play a important role in improving the root system of Cunninghamia lanceolata growth due to the single root weight of Cunninghamia lanceolata in mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tsumu was evidently more than that of Cunninghamia lanceolata in pure forest,and that there were different mixed effects in mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafra tsumu in different slope situation,which meant that the associated effect was better in higher slope situation than in lower slope situation,and which reflected in the effect of Sassafra tsumu to the height and D.B.H.growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata.This Study indicated that the associated effect was positively related to the effect of roots system.     

THE MECHANISM OF SEED DETERIORATION

Seed deterioration is an irresistible physiological phenomenon.The aim to studyseed deterioration is to see if seed deterioration can be retarded artificially and the higher seedvigor of fine varieties be maintained.The change of seed deterioration occurs in almost every sys-tem,and affects many kinds of enzyme and almost all organelle,as a result,the seed loses its vig-or.The reason of seed deterioration and the lost of seed vigor are mainly studied and discussed inthis paper.According to the external and internal two kinds of theory advanced by E.H.Roberts,Much deep discussions are made from the view of biochemistry.     

腐植酸碱性液体肥对香蕉生长的影响及机制

目的 探究腐植酸碱性肥料对香蕉生长的影响及促生机制,为腐植酸碱性肥料的研制与推广应用提供理论依据。方法 采用盆栽试验,研究腐植酸碱性肥料对香蕉生物量、土壤微生物、酶活性、根系活力和土壤氮磷养分含量的影响。结果 与常规复合肥和无腐植酸碱性液体肥料相比,腐植酸碱性肥料有利于促进香蕉生长,明显增加香蕉生物量、根系活力、土壤脲酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、土壤矿质氮含量、有效磷含量以及细菌、真菌和放线菌数量。香蕉叶面积增加了50~100 cm²,生物量增加了10%~21%,香蕉根系活力增加了89%~188%,土壤脲酶活性增加了25%~91%,酸性磷酸酶活性增加了2.4~3.5倍。腐植酸碱性液体肥处理的土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量分别是常规肥料的1.6~14.4、1.7~26.7和2.3~3.8倍,分别是无腐植酸碱性肥的3.0~10.6、3.9~56.0和1.2~2.0倍。结论 施用腐植酸碱性液体肥能明显促进香蕉生长,其机制在于：一方面,肥料的碱性改良了土壤酸性环境而有利于土壤微生物多样性;另一方面,肥料的腐植酸增加了土壤的脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,改善了土壤的氮、磷营养状况,进而增加土壤肥力。因此,施用腐植酸碱性液体肥料是为香蕉提供养分和提高土壤肥力的有效措施。     

黄土旱区土壤C/N调控对谷子根系形态及产量的影响

为明确土壤C、N配施调控旱地谷子根系形态构建及产量形成的关联机制,研究以晋谷21谷子品种为试验材料,采用大田试验（处理小区面积30 m²）,设置不同C/N调控处理：CK（N 21.7 kg/hm²);A（N 21.7 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）;B（N 32.7 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）;C（N 43.3 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）;D（N 54.3 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）,N为含量为46%的尿素,C为玉米秸秆生物炭,系统调查了谷子根系形态指标体系和产量构成因子的变化规律。试验结果表明：①土壤CN合理配施可以有效增加谷子的产量,增产效果以处理C最为显著,较CK 处理显著增加44.9%;②同等生物炭施用水平下,充足或过量的N会抑制根系伸长下扎,但有助于根系的横向生长和体积膨大,处理B对根系总长、总表面积、总体积都有显著的促进作用,分别提升4.75%、13.92%、17.02%。③同等生物炭施用水平下,增施氮肥会减少土壤含水量,其中B处理较CK处理土壤水分含量显著降低4.2%;④增加氮素的施用可以有效促进谷子在抽穗期和灌浆期的根系生长发育,促进根系干物质的积累,与CK处理相比,A、B、C三个处理抽穗期和灌浆期谷子根系的干物质都显著性增加,增幅分别为28.13%、35.93%和24.75%,灌浆期增幅分别为36.83%、46.35%、49.52%;⑤配施生物炭可有效调控土壤电导率和土壤温度随作物生育期和气候环境的变化而变化,与CK相比,B处理显著降低土壤电导率19.5%,D处理显著提升了3%的土壤温度,对根系形态发育和功能发挥具有显著影响。综上所述,合理的CN配施调控可以通过改善土壤水肥环境,优化根系空间分布格局和功能,实现谷子产量和水分利用效率同步提升。     

陕西榆林山药根腐病病原菌的分离与鉴定

旨在明确引起陕西省榆林市山药根腐病的致病菌,为该地区山药根腐病的防治提供参考。以受害山药块茎和根际土壤为试验材料,通过组织分离法获得纯培养,结合柯赫氏法则、形态学鉴定、ITS区序列分子生物学鉴定,以及构建系统发育树和序列比对的方法,明确山药根腐病的致病菌。结果表明,引起陕西榆林山药根腐病的病原菌为棕黑腐质霉、燕麦镰孢和尖孢镰孢。陕西榆林山药根腐病由腐质霉属和镰孢属两个属的3种病原菌引起,棕黑腐质霉是首次报道危害山药,镰孢属真菌是该地区山药根腐病的主要致病菌。     

甘肃党参根腐病防治新技术栽培密度研究

2019年,作者在研究了甘肃党参根腐病病原菌以及取得了良好防治效果的基础上,为了减少种植成本增加收入,进行了党参栽培密度研究。结果表明:不同密度对党参鲜单根重有着显著影响,鲜单根重随密度不断增加而减小,密度22.2万～55.6万株·hm^-2之间差异不显著,且均与密度111.1万株·hm^-2之间差异达显著水平;不同密度对党参鲜产量有着显著影响,总体趋势为鲜产量随密度不断增加而先增大后减小,密度 {55.6 }万株·hm^-2鲜产量最高,鲜产量为8 944.55 kg·hm^-2,且达极显著水平;不同密度之间党参根长、根粗、折干率差异不显著。甘肃党参根腐病防治新技术最佳栽培密度为55.6万 {株· }hm^-2。     

人工老化和低温胁迫对陆地棉种子活力的影响和评价

【目的】研究人工老化处理和低温胁迫对陆地棉种子萌发的影响,为陆地棉种子耐低温和耐贮藏性研究提供支持和种质资源。【方法】以12份陆地棉种子为材料,通过标准发芽条件、低温胁迫发芽和人工老化处理后发芽,统计并分析发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、苗长、根长、苗鲜重和根鲜重等8个指标。【结果】各逆境对种子活力不同指标影响不同。发芽势为人工老化＞标准＞低温;苗长为标准＞低温＞人工老化;发芽率、根长和简化活力指数为标准＞人工老化＞低温;简化活力指数标准＞人工老化＞低温。标准发芽在相似系数为15分类2类,高活力和中活力。冷胁迫在相似系数为20分为3类,耐冷型、中间型和敏冷型。人工老化处理在相似系数为15分为3类,耐贮藏型,中间型和不耐贮藏型。综合3个环境在相似系数为20分为3类,不耐低温耐贮藏型,中间型和耐低温不耐贮藏型。【结论】低温胁迫与人工老化发芽处理下陆地棉种子发芽势、发芽率、苗长、根长、苗鲜重和根鲜重都有所降低。人工老化处理加快了出苗速度,但降低了最终发芽率,易形成粗壮苗。低温胁迫既降低了出苗速率也降低了发芽率,易形成小叶粗根短苗。发芽势高的不一定发芽率高,发芽势低的不一定发芽率低。标准状态下高活力的不一定在逆境下也高活力,逆境下高活力的标准状态下活力一定高。高度耐低温不耐贮藏的材料只有新陆早7号。中度耐低温耐贮藏的材料有塔什干、新陆早72号和10615,耐贮藏不耐低温的材料有XND1586、KK1543、中棉49号、新陆早42号和关农1号。