水分胁迫及复水对达乌里胡枝子酶促防御系统影响

选用来自山西的6个生态型达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)在干旱胁迫和复水后,研究植物叶片含水量、膜脂过氧化物和保护酶活性变化来探索不同生态型达乌里胡枝子在水分胁迫下和复水后酶促防御系统与抗旱性关系。结果表明:随干旱胁迫时间延长,达乌里胡枝子的叶片相对含水量和植株相对生长率逐渐下降,脯氨酸含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量上升,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性先升高后下降。复水后,各指标均有不同程度恢复,SOD、POD、CAT 3种酶活性比复水前低,而且比对照低,降低幅度最大的是SOD酶,其次是CAT和POD酶。干旱胁迫下,抗旱性强的阳泉、交口生态型MDA积累少,细胞膜受到伤害较轻,3种酶彼此协调保持酶系统的防御能力较强。抗旱性弱的沁水、沁源生态型MDA积累较多,细胞膜受到伤害较重,POD、CAT两种酶相互协调作用,而SOD同POD、CAT协调性较差。6个生态型达乌里胡枝子的抗旱性由强到弱顺序是:阳泉>静乐>太谷>交口>沁水>沁源。     

水分胁迫及复水对玉米光合速率及可溶性糖的影响

采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟不同程度的干旱胁迫,研究了不同水分胁迫处理及复水对玉米光合速率和叶片可溶性糖浓度的影响。结果表明,水分胁迫使净光合速率(Pn)下降,叶片可溶性糖浓度升高,且与胁迫程度呈正相关。复水后,轻度胁迫处理的玉米光合速率恢复较快并超过对照,可溶性糖浓度降低但仍然高于对照;重度胁迫处理的光合速率在复水后较长时间内低于对照,可溶性糖的浓度高于对照及轻度胁迫处理。叶片可溶性糖浓度与光合速率之间具有显著的负相关关系。     

甜椒对不同程度水分胁迫-复水的生理生化响应

对甜椒穴盘苗进行了不同程度的水分胁迫-复水处理,探讨了叶片某些生理生化特性的变化。结果如下:叶片RWC、渗透势随基质水分减少而降低,渗调能力逐步增强。POD、SOD、CAT酶活性随水分减少而上升,SOD对水分胁迫最敏感,复水后主要由POD、CAT负责清除H2O2和过氧化物;游离氨基酸、脯氨酸随基质水分减少急剧上升,复水后大幅下降,可能为轻度胁迫下主要的渗调物质。RWC降至45%(停水后3d)时,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖显著积累,明显晚于氨基酸,但它们基础含量高,主要在较为严重的水分胁迫时发挥作用。虽然水分胁迫使保护酶活性和渗透调节能力均提高,但任何程度的胁迫均不可避免地伤害幼苗。穴盘苗生产中,建议“水分胁迫锻炼”时间以不超过3d(RWC≥45%)为宜。     

The Stimulating Effects of Rewatering on Leaf Area of Winter Wheat Suffering Water Stress

After water stress at various levels and durations at different growth stages, rewatering could greatly stimulate the leaf area development of winter wheat. The results showed that the stimulation effect changed with water stress time, degree and duration. Rewatering under earlier stress had greater stimulation effect on leaf area than that under later stress. Higher stimulation effect was observed under severe water stress than that under moderate stress. Longer duration of stress resulted in low stimulation effect. In spite of the greater stimulation effect under severe and longer stress, the final leaf area in these situations was lower than that under moderate stress and shorter duration. Whenever the stress occurred, the stimulating effect was due to the increase of the leaf area of the tillers. Once the leaf on the main stem emerged during stress period,rewatering had no effect on its size, and consequently its leaf area. The stimulation of rewateirng on leaf area contributed to the final grain yield by 45% under moderate stress, and 67% under severe stress. Although the stimulation partly compensated for the loss during stress, the final leaf area and the grain yield could not reach the level without water stress.     

水分胁迫后复水对冬小麦叶面积的激发作用

 在不同生育时期遭受不同程度及不同持续时间水分胁迫的冬小麦复水后 ,对叶面积存在明显的激发作用。结果表明 ,复水对叶面积的激发幅度与复水前胁迫发生时期、胁迫程度及其持续时间有关。早期胁迫比中期胁迫复水对叶面积的激发幅度大 ;复水对叶面积的激发幅度与胁迫前的胁迫程度呈正相关 ,而与胁迫持续时间呈负相关 ,即胁迫程度越高 ,胁迫持续时间越短 ,激发幅度越大。但从叶面积最终可恢复到的程度看 ,与胁迫程度及持续时间都呈负相关。不论胁迫发生在哪个时期 ,复水对冬小麦叶面积的激发 ,都是通过增加新生蘖叶面积实现的 ,复水对主茎叶片数及叶片尺寸影响不大。激发作用对最终籽粒产量的贡献 ,中度胁迫下可达到 4 5 % ,重度胁迫下则可高达 6 7%。尽管复水的激发作用能挽回胁迫期间的部分损失 ,但小麦最终叶面积及产量均不能恢复到适宜供水的对照水平     

干枣制作蜜枣过程中色泽变化的研究

通过研究复水、烘烤条件对加工工艺过程对干红枣色泽变化的影响,结果表明：由于加工温度和加工时间促进枣中非酶褐变及色素物质的变化,因此加工温度、时间对色泽变化的影响很大。即加工中降低温度、缩短加工时间可提高蜜枣的感官质量。     

Dry-rewetting cycles regulate wheat carbon rhizodeposition,stabilization and nitrogen cycling

Drying and rewetting of soil can have large effects on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics. Drying-rewetting effects have mostly been studied in the absence of plants, although it is well known that plant–microbe interactions can substantially alter soil C and N dynamics. We investigated for the first time how drying and rewetting affected rhizodeposition, its utilization by microbes, and its stabilization into soil (C associated with soil mineral phase). We also investigated how drying and rewetting influenced N mineralization and loss. We grew wheat (Triticum aestivum) in a controlled environment under constant moisture and under dry-rewetting cycles, and used a continuous ¹³C-labeling method to partition plant and soil organic matter (SOM) contribution to different soil pools. We applied a ¹⁵N label to the soil to determine N loss. We found that dry-rewetting decreased total input of plant C in microbial biomass (MB) and in the soil mineral phase, mainly due to a reduction of plant biomass. Plant derived C in MB and in the soil mineral phase were positively correlated (R² = 0.54; P = 0.0012). N loss was reduced with dry rewetting cycles, and mineralization increased after each rewetting event. Overall drying and rewetting reduced rhizodeposition and stabilization of new C, primary through biomass reduction. However, frequency of rewetting and intensity of drought may determine the fate of C in MB and consequently into the soil mineral phase. Frequency and intensity may also be crucial in stimulating N mineralization and reducing N loss in agricultural soils.     

水稻拔节期水氮互作的后效性影响研究

通过盆栽试验研究了不同水氮互作条件下水稻各项生理指标短期和长期的后效变化.结果表明:适宜的水氮组合复水短期内对生理活性有一定的补偿效应,生育后期表现出延缓衰老的长期后效性;水、氮单因子复水短期内对叶片叶绿素含量、荧光参数、丙二醛含量等生理指标影响显著,水氮协同互作效应在复水15 d后达显著水平;不同的水分胁迫后复水,水氮互作效应不同,重旱处理产量随复水后施氮量的增加而增加,但产量较其他处理明显降低.应避免水稻拔节期重旱,土壤含水率不能低于田间持水率的70％;充分灌溉和轻旱处理产量随施氮量的增加有所降低,拔节期高水高肥不一定高产,轻旱后复水结合低氮追肥,节水保产效果最佳.     

不同土壤肥力下旱后复水对冬小麦光合特性及水分利用效率的影响

为给冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤肥力下返青后干旱及拔节期复水对冬小麦光合特性和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,同一土壤水分条件下,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度均随土壤肥力的降低而降低;同一土壤肥力下,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度均随干旱程度的增加而降低。干旱胁迫复水24 h后,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度均出现了补偿或超补偿效应,但中度干旱恢复度大于重度干旱。光合速率以HA处理（高肥力、最大田间持水量的85%）最高,单叶水分利用效率在干旱胁迫下和复水24 h后均以HB处理（高肥力、最大田间持水量的55%）最高。以上结果说明,冬小麦返青期中度干旱条件下,高肥力土壤有利于复水后光合系统恢复和单叶水分利用效率提高,而重度干旱下贫瘠土壤应减少基肥的施入量。     

干旱胁迫和复水对草地早熟禾3个品种生理特性的影响

为探究干旱和复水对草坪草生理特性的影响,研究草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)3个品种在干旱胁迫及干旱后复水条件下草坪质量(TQ)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。试验结果表明,干旱胁迫引起3个品种的TQ,RWC,Fv/Fm,SOD活性,CAT活性明显下降和MDA含量明显升高;复水后,3个品种的TQ,RWC,Fv/Fm,SOD活性,CAT活性和MDA含量不同程度地得以恢复,但3个品种的大部分指标都没能完全恢复到干旱胁迫前水平。Merit的各项指标较其他两个品种在干旱胁迫期间降幅小,复水后各指标恢复相对明显。