环境变化对植物叶片结构·光合作用的影响

环境变化往往对植物叶片结构和光合作用产生影响.综述了不同环境条件（光照、温度、水分、盐、干旱）下叶片结构和光合作用的变化情况,加深对植物生长特性的认识及应用.     

苏州主要园林树种的光合固碳能力对比分析

园林树种的光合固碳能够维持城市空气中CO2和O2的平衡。以苏州地区32个园林树种为材料,利用Li-6400便携式光合作用仪测定了其光合日变化,并利用测定结果计算其日净固碳能力,再以聚类分析法对其日净固碳量进行分类。结果如下:第1类[日净固碳量极高,17.55~18.76 g/(m2·d)]有紫荆、枫杨、垂柳,第2类[日净固碳量高,12.25~16.02 g/(m2·d)]有大叶女贞、乌桕、榉树、枫香树、垂丝海棠、樱花、夹竹桃,第3类[日净固碳量中等,8.57~11.97 g/(m2·d)]有银杏、红花檵木、朴树、乐昌含笑、红叶李、杜英、海桐、金边黄杨、杜鹃、重阳木、樟树、金丝桃、红叶石楠,第4类[日净固碳量低,3.81~7.64 g/(m2·d)]有红枫、洒金东瀛珊瑚、金叶女贞、八角金盘、五角枫、鹅掌楸、紫薇、木芙蓉、桂花。上述分析结果可对苏州的园林规划及树种选择提供一定的理论指导。     

土壤施锌和叶面喷锌对风沙土玉米Zn吸收与积累的影响

【目的】研究土施和叶面喷施锌肥条件下玉米吸收、积累锌的规律,旨在为科学调控玉米锌营养状况、提高玉米籽粒锌含量提供理论依据。【方法】2011年在吉林风沙土地区采用大田试验,研究了土施锌肥(0kg/hm2(S0)、3.4kg/hm2(S3.4)、6.8kg/hm2(S6.8)、10.2kg/hm2(S10.2))和叶面喷施锌肥(0kg/hm2(F0),2.25kg/hm2(F))共计7个处理(S0F0(对照)、S3.4F0、S6.8F0、S10.2F0、S0F、S3.4F、S6.8F)对玉米各生育期植株锌含量、籽粒锌含量、籽粒产量和地上部分生物量以及锌肥利用率、Zn吸收总量和Zn吸收速率的影响。【结果】玉米植株中Zn的含量随着土施锌肥量的增加而增大,苗期较S0F0处理增加了2.7~8.5倍,其他生育期增加幅度有所降低;与S0F0处理相比,S3.4F0、S6.8F0、S10.2F0可以使玉米增产9.7%~37.7%,地上部分生物量增加6.2%~20.4%,玉米Zn吸收总量增加21.5%~81.9%。土施+叶面喷施锌肥处理比单独土施锌肥增产5.5%~17.0%,生物量增加18.5%~30.8%。【结论】土施+叶面喷施锌肥可以明显提高玉米籽粒锌含量和籽粒产量。     

The effects of light and temperature on the photosynthesis of the Asparagopsis armata tetrasporophyte (Falkenbergia rufolanosa), cultivated in tanks

The integrated aquaculture of the tetrasporophyte of Asparagopsis armata Harvey (Falkenbergia rufolanosa) using fish farm effluents may be viable due to the species high capacity of removing nutrients and its content of halogenated organic compounds with applications on the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. In order to optimize the integrated aquaculture of F. rufolanosa, we followed the daily variation of the potential quantum yield (F_v/F_m) of PSII on plants cultivated at different biomass densities and different total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) fluxes to check if they are photoinhibited at any time of the day. Moreover, the photoinhibition under continuous exposure to highly saturating irradiance and its potential for subsequent recovery in the shade was assessed. The potential for year round cultivation was evaluated by measuring rates of O₂ evolution of plants acclimated at temperatures ranging from 15 to 29 °C, the temperature range of a fish farm effluent in southern Portugal where an integrated aquaculture system of F. rufolanosa was constructed.Photoinhibition does not seem to be a major constrain for the integrated aquaculture of F. rufolanosa. Only when cultivated at a very low density of 1.5 g fresh weight (FW) l^− 1 that there was a midday decrease in maximal quantum yield (F_v/F_m). At densities higher than 4 g FW l^− 1, no photoinhibition was observed. When exposed to full solar irradiance for 1 h, F. rufolanosa showed a 33% decrease in F_v/F_m, recovering to 86% of the initial value after 2 h in the shade. A midday decline of the F. rufolanosa F_v/F_m was also observed under the lowest TAN flux tested (∼6 μM h^− 1), suggesting that this fast and easy measurement of fluorescence may be used as a convenient diagnostic tool to detect nutrient-starved unbalance conditions of the cultures. Maximum net photosynthesis peaked at 15 °C with 9.7 mg O₂ g dry weight (DW)^− 1 h^− 1 and remained high until 24 °C. At 29 °C, the net oxygen production was significantly reduced due to a dramatic increase of respiration, suggesting this to be the species' lethal temperature threshold.Results indicate that F. rufolanosa has a considerable photosynthetic plasticity and confirm it as a good candidate for integrated aquaculture at temperatures up to 24° C and cultivation densities of at least 5 g FW l^− 1. When cultivated at these densities, light does not penetrate below the first few centimetres of the surface zone. Plants circulate within the tanks, spending around 10% of the time in the first few centimetres where they are able to use efficiently the saturating light levels without damaging their photosynthetic apparatus.     

陆水水库鳜属鱼类食性及消化器官的比较研究

通过对陆水水库三种鳜属鱼类的食性及消化器官比较，结果表明，三种鳜都以摄食鱼虾为主，在鳜和大眼鳜的食物组成中，虾的出现率分别为８２．３５％和８１．０３％，鱼的出现率分别为４７．０６％和３１．２３％，斑鳜中鱼和虾和出现率分别为６３．０７％和５０．０７％，鱼虾出现率在不同月份变化圈套。鳜摄食强度最大，大眼鳜次之，斑鳜最小。但它们摄食鱼的饱满分指数均大于虾。在消化器官中，鳜、斑鳜、大眼鳜的幽门盲囊的平均数     

Effects of Iron Deficiency on Thylakoid Membrane Structure and Composition in the Alga Dunaliella salina

Abstract

The unicellular green alga Dunaliella was previously proposed as a model photosynthetic organism for adaptation to iron deficiency. The purpose of this study was to find out how iron limitation affects the structure and composition of the photosynthetic system of Dunaliella salina. Iron deprivation did not retard proliferation of D. salina cells, but was associated with a decrease in cell volume and chlorophyll content, and with a four‐fold reduction in iron content and a two‐fold increase in Cu content. Electron microscopic analysis revealed shrinkage of the chloroplast and decrease in stacked thylakoid membranes. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence induction in the presence of DCMU and of 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra indicated gross changes in the photosynthetic efficiency of reaction centers and in the organization of their associated light harvesting antenna. Differential analysis of protein composition led to the identification of a major thylakoid membrane protein (Tidi), that was specifically induced under iron deprivation. Partial sequencing suggests that Tidi is a novel type of a chlorophyll a/b binding protein. These results clearly show that iron limitation is associated with extensive reorganization of the photosynthetic system in Dunaliella.     

地面覆草对姜田小气候及生姜生长的影响

姜田地面覆草可显著增加土壤含水量，降低地温，提高空气相对湿度，但使气温稍升。尽管地面覆草未改变光强，但生姜长势与传统插草相似，因而最终产量未表现显著差异。地面覆草与插草的生姜长势及产量均极显著高于裸地     

老鹰茶白粉病罹病植株的生理生化研究

供试的不同老鹰茶品种被病原菌侵染后，叶片中叶绿索含量、光合速率和蒸腾速率均随着感病程度的加剧而明显地下降，感病品种下降幅度大于抗性品种；而丙二醛含量随着感病程度的加剧而明显上升，感病品种增加的幅度比抗性品种大。老鹰茶叶片中叶绿素含量与其光合速率有显著的正相关关系。     

甜柿不同类型树体叶片光合、光照的研究

以成年新次郎树为试材,进行了甜柿树体的光合、光照研究。结果表明,丰产稳产树较低产树和变产树在光合、光照方面有以下特点:树冠叶幕外层叶面积较大;叶幕中层光照状况较好;叶幕中层叶片净光合速率较高,在所有测定时期整株净光合速率均较高。     

大豆和玉米光合速率、光能利用率对光强响应特征的差异性分析

用Michaelis-Menten方程和Dagneli方程对东北地区大豆和玉米各个生育时期光合速率、光能利用率对光强的响应特征进行了模拟研究。结果表明,两种方程均能很好地描述大豆和玉米叶片光合速率对光强的响应特征,两种方程的模拟效果是一致的,但两种方程得到的参数存在极显著差异,用Michaelis-Menten方程模拟得到的表观初始量子效率、表观最大光合速率、表观暗呼吸速率极显著大于用Dagneli方程得到的参数。但用Dagneli方程模拟得到的表观最大光合速率更接近实际,而用Michaelis-Menten方程得到的表观暗呼吸速率更接近实际。但无论用哪种方程模拟,在各个生育时期玉米的表观初始量子效率、表观最大光合速率和光能利用率均极显著高于大豆。光能利用率随着光强的增大先增大而后降低,当光强在0￣2000μmol/(m2·s)之间时,大豆的平均光能利用率为0.0185mol/mol,玉米为0.0281mol/mol。光能利用率在各个生育期有一定的变异,大豆和玉米均表现出在生育前期相对较低,中期升高,后期又降低的规律。在整个生育期,玉米的光能利用率约为大豆的1.6倍。