Effects of Soil Temperature on Growth and Root Function in Rice

Abstract

The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of soil temperature in the stage from late tillering to panicle initiation (SI) and during the grain-filling stage (SII) on grain setting, dry matter production, photosynthesis, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), xylem exudation and abscisic acid (ABA) levels in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari). Rice plants were exposed to four different soil temperatures during SI or SII: 17.5, 25, 31.5 and 36.5°C (ST18, ST25, ST32 and ST37, respectively). The yield, yield components, grain filling and quality in SI were negatively influenced by high soil temperature of 37°C. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in those characters among temperature treatments in SII. The root/shoot ratio was smallest in the ST37 plants in both SI and SII, mainly due to their lighter root weight. At 7 days after initiation of treatment (DAT) in both SI and SII, the photosynthetic and xylem exudation rate tended to increase slightly as soil temperature increased up to 32°C. At 21 DAT, however, the photosynthetic rate was lowest in ST37, with concurrent decrease of diffusion conductance and SPAD value. In addition, decrease of NSC concentration in stem and xylem exudation rate, and increase of ABA level in leaves and xylem exudate were observed in ST37 plants at 21 DAT. These results suggested that high soil temperature before heading especially influenced yield, grain quality and plant growth. Possible mechanisms of the effect of soil temperature are discussed.     

壮丰安对冬小麦产量和产量器官发育的影响

以两个冬小麦品种京冬6号和农大142为材料,研究了新型植物生长调节剂-壮丰安对小麦产量器官的调控效应。结果表明:壮丰安处理调节了小麦穗的乙烯释放量和籽粒中 IAA,Z+ZR 等内源激素水平;加快了小麦籽粒乳熟中期以后的灌浆速度,可使穗数、结实小穗、穗粒数和穗粒重不同程度增加,表现一定的增产作用;收获后的种子经生物学方法测定,药效残留很少,正常施用对环境和产品安全。     

Determining reference values for stem water potential and maximum daily trunk shrinkage in young apple trees based on plant responses to water deficit

The use of plant water status indicators such as midday stem water potential (Ψ_stem) and maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS) in irrigation scheduling requires the definition of a reference or threshold value, beyond which irrigation is necessary. These reference values are generally obtained by comparing the seasonal variation of plant water status with the environmental conditions under non-limiting soil water availability. In the present study an alternative approach is presented based on the plant’s response to water deficit. A drought experiment was carried out on two apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Mutsu’ and ‘Cox Orange’) in which both indicators (Ψ_stem and MDS) were related to several plant physiological responses. Sap flow rates, maximum net photosynthesis rates and daily radial stem growth (DRSG) (derived from continuous stem diameter variation measurements) were considered in the assessment of the approach. Depending on the chosen plant response in relationship with Ψ_stem or MDS, the obtained reference values varied between −1.04 and −1.46 MPa for Ψ_stem and between 0.17 and 0.28 mm for MDS. In both cultivars, the approach based on maximum photosynthesis rates resulted in less negative Ψ_stem values and smaller MDS values, compared to the approaches with sap flow and daily radial stem growth. In the well-irrigated apple trees, day-to-day variations in midday Ψ_stem and MDS were related to the evaporative demand. These variations were more substantial for MDS than for midday Ψ_stem.     

羊常见消化器官疾病及防控措施

在养羊生产实践中,消化系统疾病是临床上最常见的多发病,若治疗不及时,可导致严重的经济损失。羊的消化系统是机体摄取食物,并经消化、吸收,供应机体营养的器官系统,包括消化管（口腔、咽、食管、前胃、真胃、小肠、大肠和肛门）和消化腺（唾液腺、肝脏、胰腺）两部分。消化管和消化腺的任何部位发生问题,即表现为消化器官疾病。羊常见的消化器官疾病主要有羊口炎、羊口疮、食道梗塞、前胃迟缓、瘤胃积食、瘤胃臌胀、瓣胃阻塞、皱胃炎及胃肠炎、急性实质性肝炎等,应引起养殖场（户）的重视。本文重点介绍羊常见消化器官疾病的预防及治疗措施。     

修剪技术对桂花幼苗生长水分及光合作用日变化的影响

以3年生丹桂苗为试材，研究了不同修剪技术措施对桂花幼苗生长、水分、光舍色素及光合作用日变化的影响。结果表明：拉枝、环割、环刺和综合处理（拉枝＋环刺＋环割）均能明显抑制树高和平均生长量，拉枝和综合处理能明显增加冠幅，各处理组织水和自由水含量均比对照低而束缚水比对照高。综合处理和拉枝的叶片叶绿素a＋b和叶绿素a含量比其他处理高，而环割、环刺和对照间差异不显著。各处理不影响净光和速率（pn）的日变化趋势，但对Ph值得大小有影响。     

杉木人工林针叶光合与蒸腾作用的时空特征

对3个林分(密度A1 667株·hm-2;B3 233株·hm-2;C9 767株·hm-2)的测定和分析表明,树冠不同部位的同龄叶的光补偿点、光饱和点及其最大光合速率不同;树冠同一层内,成熟针叶光合速率依当年生叶、1 a生叶、2 a生叶递减.强光下,中层叶的蒸腾速率明显小于上层叶.弱光下,中层和下层叶具有较高的蒸腾速率,几乎等于甚至超过上层叶.一般而言,杉木针叶光合作用的光饱和点为1 000～1 900 μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点很低,大致在4.780 ～30.114 μmol·m-2s-1范围.同一枝条不同部位不同年龄针叶光合和蒸腾的能力差异明显.枝条后部针叶净光合速率和蒸腾速率明显小于处于枝中、前部的同龄叶,却明显具有较高的量子利用效率或对弱光(以散射光为主)的利用效率,分别为当年生叶0.006 60 μmolCO2·μmol-1PAR;1 a生叶0.017 94 μmolCO2·μmol-1PAR;2 a生叶0.012 97 μmol CO2·μmol-1PAR. 针叶最大光合速率可达13.335 μmolCO2·m-2s-1 .同一枝条不同部位的杉木针叶的蒸腾效率变化于0.003 5 ～0.007 gCO2·g-1H2O,越靠近枝条后部,蒸腾效率越低.一般而言,阳生叶的光合能力是阴生叶的2～4倍.生长季中当年生针叶光合和蒸腾速率的日变化均有2个峰值,中部和下部当年生叶的变化幅度小于上部针叶.辐射强度、空气湿度或者叶片周围空气的水汽压,是决定叶片气孔导度、光合与蒸腾速率的主要环境因子.呼吸作用白天明显高于夜间,多呈中午单峰型;日变化规律主要受温度、叶片周围空气的水汽压大小控制.蒸腾和呼吸呈紧密线性负相关.3个林分中,无论是2 a生叶,1 a生叶或当年生叶,光合强度均是密度小的最大,密度大的最小.密度越大,叶平均N素含量越低,光饱和点越低,而光补偿点越高,偏向于利用较弱的光,生长也较弱.     

黄土半干旱区集水造林条件下林木生长适宜的土壤水分环境

2000年在山西方山，采用LI－6200光合测定系统和LI－1600稳态气孔仪，对不同集水措施试验地的刺槐、侧柏和苹果的生理指标进行了实地观测，并辅以相同树种实地盆栽苗木水分胁迫条件下的林木生理指标观测，研究了林木净光合速率、羧化效率、水分利用效率与土壤含水量的定量关系。结果表明：维持刺槐、侧柏和苹果净光合作用的最佳土壤含水量分别为17.13%、15.9%和16.11%，三树种维持叶片水分利用效率的最佳土壤含水量依次为13.23%、10.66%和12.38%；羧化效率最高时的土壤含水量临界值依次为15.7%、15.5%和15.8%；土壤水合补偿点分别为4.55%、3.91%和4.49%。上述三树种蒸腾速率所适宜的土壤含水量分别为18.82%、19.70%和16.33%。根据集水造林的基本构思，可选取维持最佳叶片水分利用效率的土壤含水量临界值作为集水造林林木密度调控的土壤水分阈值和林木需水量的低限计算条件。这一指标可量化为刺槐10％－13％，苹果10％－12.5%，侧柏9.5%-11%。     

Growth responses, physiology and decay associated with pruning plantation-grown Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and E. nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden

Detailed studies have been undertaken to define pruning regimes for Eucalyptus nitens, but little is known of E. globulus responses to pruning although this is a more commonly planted species. This paper describes experiments that aimed to identify (a) levels of pruning that reduce E. globulus growth, (b) physiological processes contributing to those growth responses, (c) the incidence of decay and factors influencing decay incidence following pruning of E. globulus, and (d) comparative responses of E. nitens and E. globulus to live branch pruning. Results of a field experiment indicated that removal of between 30 and 50% of the crown length was appropriate for E. globulus plantations verging on canopy closure. The significant reduction in height growth associated with removal of 50 or 70% of crown length suggested pruning should remain below 50% of crown length if reduced stem growth of pruned trees was to be avoided. Stem volume was only significantly reduced over the period of the experiment by 70% pruning, but it was estimated that standing volume following removal of 50% of crown length would be reduced by 82 m³ ha⁻¹ over a 20-year rotation if there were no other silvicultural interventions. The growth responses observed were probably related to large reductions in leaf area following 50 or 70% removal of crown length. Trees responded to pruning by changing patterns of biomass partitioning to favour stem growth at the expense of branch growth. A glasshouse study determined that light-saturated net CO₂ uptake (A_max) increased following pruning. E. nitens seedlings had both a higher baseline A_max and higher A_max following pruning than did E. globulus, which could partially explain the greater effect of pruning on E. globulus growth than has been observed for E. nitens in other studies. This result, as well as apparently different patterns of foliage distribution through the crowns of E. globulus and E. nitens, suggested that models of pruning responses need to be parameterised for both species. In addition, a more conservative pruning regime may be appropriate for E. globulus than E. nitens. Pruning increased the frequency of branch traces with decay infection, and there was a trend towards increasing decay outbreaks with increasing pruning severity. Decay outbreaks were more likely to occur following pruning of high angle or larger diameter branches.     

麻竹山地笋用林笋期叶片光合及呼吸性状研究

Through analyzing the various position leaves character of 3 ages bamboo, including net photosyntheticrate, light respiratory rate, dark respiratory rate, CO2 compensation point and light compensation point, in five-years - old forest during different growing shoot stages in stated - own forestry farm of Nanjin, results showed thatleaves had vigorous physiological function during prosperity stage of growing shoot. Net photosynthetic rate was high-er, light respiratory rate, dark respiratory rate, CO2 compensation point and light compensation point were lower,the photosynthetic coefficients was larger.2- year bamboo and 3 - year bamboo had stronger photosynthetic ability. Different photosynthetic and respiratory indexes of various position leaves were not consistent, but in generally, mid-dle leaf had stronger assimilation ability.