Present Situation and Prospect of Professional Grading and Loose-leaf Purchasing of Flue-cured Tobacco

针对目前我国烤烟专业化分级散叶收购的普遍实施。探讨了烤烟专分散收的优势，总结分析了专分散收过程中存在的问题，并针对这些问题提出了建议。以期为今后散叶收购工作的进一步推广提供实践经验。     

4个画眉草品种在云南嵩明地区的比较

通过对4种画眉草的种植以及调查研究,对它们的种子形状特征与发芽率、牧草生长情况、种子产量构成要素、叶片特征、产草量及营养器官物质分配以及营养成分进行了测定并比较分析.结果表明,4种画眉草均能在嵩明地区较好的生长,引进品种弯叶画眉草Eragrostis curvula和野生种嵩明画眉草E.songmingensis各方面性状较优,能够在该地区进一步推广应用.     

大穗结缕草对盐胁迫的响应

研究了大穗结缕草Zoysia macrostachya在1.5%NaCl胁迫过程中叶片形态、相对含水量、可溶性总糖及游离脯氨酸含量的变化对盐胁迫的响应,其结果发现,随着盐胁迫时间的延长,叶片受害程度先增加,后保持稳定,胁迫到15 d时外观又略有恢复;叶片的相对含水量表现为先下降,后保持稳定.最后又缓慢上升的趋势;叶片可溶性总糖含量和脯氨酸含量表现为逐渐增加到一个峰值后又下降的趋势.在盐分胁迫下叶片可溶性总糖和脯氨酸的积累可能是大穗结缕草抗盐的生理机理之一.     

竹叶提取物对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵参数及产气量的影响

本试验旨在研究竹叶提取物对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵参数及产气量的影响。试验选用健康、体况相近的荷斯坦奶牛用于瘤胃液的采集,以精粗比为4∶6的全混合日粮作为发酵底物。试验组分为6组,各组分别添加0(对照)、0.75、1.50、3.00、4.50、6.00 mg/g的竹叶提取物,每组6个重复,每个重复3个批次。体外发酵24 h后,记录产气量,测定瘤胃发酵参数。结果表明:1)各组的发酵液pH均无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验组的发酵液中氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其中3.00和4.50 mg/g竹叶提取物组的发酵液中NH_3-N浓度显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。试验组的发酵液中干物质消失率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。2) 4.50、6.00 mg/g竹叶提取物组的发酵液中总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著高于其他各组(P <0. 05); 3. 00、4.50、6. 00 mg/g竹叶提取物组的发酵液中乙酸浓度显著高于其他各组(P <0. 05); 4. 50、6.00 mg/g竹叶提取物组的发酵液中丙酸浓度显著高于对照组(P <0. 05); 3. 00、4. 50、6. 00 mg/g竹叶提取物组的发酵液中丁酸浓度显著低于其他各组(P<0.05); 6.00 mg/g竹叶提取物组的发酵液中异戊酸浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各组的发酵液中异丁酸、戊酸浓度以及乙酸/丙酸均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)试验组的体外发酵甲烷体积和甲烷含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各组的体外发酵产气量无显著差异(P> 0.05)。综上所述,体外条件下添加竹叶提取物在不影响瘤胃发酵模式的同时可以显著降低甲烷排放,其中添加4.50 mg/g竹叶提取物效果最佳。     

Fabrication of olive leaf extract and hazelnut skin incorporated films to improve the quality of nuggets during refrigerated and deep freeze storage

ABSTRACT

1. Olive leaf extract (OLE) and hazelnut skin (HS), which are known to have good antioxidant activity, were added into chicken nuggets in different ways. In the first method, the nuggets were coated with sodium alginate-calcium chloride-based coatings containing OLE and HS. In the second method, OLE and HS were directly added into the nugget patties. Nuggets that did not contain any additive (C1) and the samples prepared with the coating solution that did not include any additives (C2) were assigned as controls.

2. Nuggets were stored at two different temperatures, either in a refrigerator (4°C) or in a deep freezer (?18°C) for 21 days and 90 days respectively. Moisture content (%), pH, antioxidant status (TBARS), colour and microbial count (total mesophilic and psychrophilic aerobic bacteria) analyses were carried out during storage.

3. At the end of refrigerator storage (day 21), TBARS values for samples in which OLE and HS were directly added were found to be lower than those with OLE and HS coatings (P < 0.05). Total number of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria were found to be the lowest in the treatment in which HS was directly incorporated into nugget patty (P < 0.05).

4. For frozen samples, application of a coating containing OLE and HS and direct addition of HS into patties were found to be effective in reducing lipid oxidation. No microbial growth was determined in most of the samples stored in the deep freezer.     

桑枝粗细和空间位置对叶片微量元素分布的影响

为探明新生桑枝叶片中微量元素的分布格局,以雾化栽培的桑树实生苗为材料,研究叶片中铁、锰、铜、锌、硫、硼、钼和氯等8种微量元素分布对枝条粗细和空间位置的响应情况。结果表明,叶片中的铜、锌、锰和钼含量与空间位置无显著的相关性,而铁、硼和氯元素含量表现为下部叶大于上部叶,硫含量则表现为上部叶大于下部叶;桑枝的粗细不会对叶片中的铜、锌和铁含量造成显著的影响,但可以改变锰、硫、硼、钼和氯元素的含量,即粗枝上的叶片中的硫和钼含量较高,中等粗细枝条上叶片中的锰、硼和氯元素含量最高。微量元素的含量是桑叶多元化开发利用的品质基础,应进一步关注影响桑叶微量元素含量的内外驱动因子,如养分供应、生长阶段和桑树品种。     

不同光照强度对新娘草叶片形态建成及超微结构的影响

为探究新娘草叶片对光照变化的形态建成和超微结构的响应机制,以新娘草茎段扦插苗为试验材料,通过遮阳网人工模拟5种光环境(遮光度分别为0、25%、50%、75%、95%)进行试验,研究不同光照强度对新娘草叶片生长及超微结构的影响。结果表明:随光强的减弱,新娘草叶长、叶宽和叶面积呈先增后减的变化趋势。在遮光75%时,叶长、叶宽和叶面积达到峰值,叶面颜色由黄绿色变为浓绿色,叶背颜色由深紫色变为浅紫色,在遮光95%时,紫色消失。光强对叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、叶绿素a+b[Chl (a+b)]和花色素苷(Ant)含量均有显著影响(P<0.05):Chl a、Chl b和Chl (a+b)含量与光强呈负相关,Ant含量与光强呈正相关。新娘草叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度均随光强的降低而显著降低(P<0.05),而栅栏/海绵组织厚度和组织密实度均在50%遮光下达到峰值。全光及遮光25%条件对叶肉细胞的超微结构产生了轻微的破坏,造成部分基粒类囊体片层和基质类囊体片层的扩张,淀粉粒体积变大,而极端弱光(遮光95%)对叶肉细胞的超微结构产生了巨大的破坏,使得部分叶绿体解体,淀粉粒空洞。研究结果表明新娘草具有较强的光适应性,可以通过调整叶形、叶色、叶片解剖结构的方式适应不同的光环境,适度的光照强度(遮光50%~75%)有利于新娘草维持最佳的生长状态,而在极端弱光环境(遮光95%)下新娘草虽能存活,但叶片内部器官的结构产生了不可逆的损伤。     

尼龙袋法评价香蕉叶单宁对瘤胃降解特性的影响

旨在探究香蕉叶单宁对奶牛瘤胃降解特性的影响和评价香蕉叶的饲喂价值。样品分别为苜蓿干草组(100%的苜蓿干草)、苜蓿干草和香蕉叶混合组(50%苜蓿干草+50%香蕉叶)、香蕉叶组(100%香蕉叶)、苜蓿干草组(100%的苜蓿干草)+6%聚乙二醇(6% PEG)、苜蓿干草和香蕉叶混合组(50%苜蓿干草+50%香蕉叶)+6%聚乙二醇(6% PEG)、香蕉叶组(100%香蕉叶)+6%聚乙二醇(6% PEG)。测定样品中的营养成分含量,使用3头安装了瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛进行半体内试验,用尼龙袋法测定上述样品在瘤胃内0、2、4、8、12、24、48、72 h的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的降解率,得到各营养物质的动态降解参数。结果表明,相较于苜蓿干草,香蕉叶干物质和粗蛋白的快速降解部分、慢速降解部分、慢速降解部分的降解速率、有效降解率是显著低于苜蓿干草的(P<0.001),香蕉叶和苜蓿的NDF的有效降解率没有显著差异。添加了PEG后,香蕉叶和香蕉叶苜蓿混合组的快速降解部分和有效降解率显著高于未添加PEG的两组(P<0.001)。结果表明香蕉叶中的单宁会抑制香蕉叶的瘤胃降解率,因此在使用香蕉叶调制反刍动物的饲料时需要控制单宁的含量。     

甘肃荒漠灌区播量和行距对紫花苜蓿营养价值的影响

播量和行距是实现紫花苜蓿高产和优质的重要栽培技术措施。为此,采用裂区设计,以播量(12.0、16.0、20.0、24.0 kg·hm^-2)为主处理,3个等行距(10、15、20 cm)和2个不等行距(60 cm+40 cm间距、60 cm+30 cm间距,60 cm即种植6行,行距10 cm)为副处理,连续3年在甘肃荒漠灌区研究播量和行距对紫花苜蓿叶茎比和营养价值的影响。结果表明,播量和行距对叶茎比无显著影响,对营养价值有一定影响。其中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、钙和磷含量随播量、行距的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,3年平均粗蛋白含量在播量为16.0 kg·hm^-2,行距为20 cm时最高(20.06%),粗脂肪含量在播量为16.0 kg·hm^-2,行距为15 cm时最大(3.42%),钙含量在播量为20.0 kg·hm^-2,行距为20 cm时达到峰值(1.65%),磷含量在播量分别为12.0、16.0和20.0 kg·hm^-2,行距均为20 cm时最高(0.19%);中性、酸性洗涤纤维含量随播量增加呈降低趋势,随行距增加呈增加趋势,且中性洗涤纤维含量在播量为24.0 kg·hm^-2,行距为10 cm时最低(31.74%),酸性洗涤纤维含量在播量为24.0 kg·hm^-2,行距为15 cm时最小(25.64%);相对饲喂价值随播量的增加呈增大趋势,随行距的增加呈先升高后降低趋势,其值在播量为16.0 kg·hm^-2,行距为20 cm时最高(208.64%)。相同播量和行距下,紫花苜蓿营养价值受生长年限的影响。综合分析结果显示,播量为20.0 kg·hm^-2、行距为20 cm是该地区的最佳播量和行距,有利于提高紫花苜蓿的营养价值。     

Aggressiveness and other factors relating to displacement of populations of Phytophthora infestans in England and Wales

Mating type, in vitro sensitivity to the phenylamide fungicide metalaxyl, and mitochondrial (mtDNA) haplotype were determined in some or all of 618 isolates of Phytophthora infestans from the years between 1978 and 1995. A2 mating type occurred infrequently in most but not all years and insensitivity to metalaxyl increased over time. After 1982, the mtDNA Ib haplotype was largely replaced (except for one isolate in 1986 and one in 1995) by two new haplotypes, Ia and IIa. Type Ia was much more common than type IIa.Approximately one quarter of these isolates (165) were compared using two components of fitness associated with aggressiveness (infection frequency × number of sporangia per lesion) on detached leaves of cultivars Maris Piper, Cara and Stirling, which were chosen as exhibiting increasing levels of race non-specific resistance. Isolates were compared with three standard isolates of low, intermediate or high aggressiveness, and the data standardised for comparison between experiments. On cvs. Cara and Stirling, but not on Maris Piper, mtDNA Ia and IIa haplotypes were more aggressive than type Ib in several separate experiments. Similarly, metalaxyl sensitive phenotypes were more aggressive than insensitive phenotypes on Cara and Stirling but not on Maris Piper. The displacement of mtDNA type Ib by types Ia and IIa over this period may have been a result of the lower aggressiveness and lack of complete insensitivity to metalaxyl in type Ib isolates.