不同生育期水稻干物质量与产量的关系研究

为明确不同生育期的干物重对粤晶丝苗2号、粤农丝苗、合美占3个水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种的产量及产量构成因素的影响,设置了早造和晚造两次不同氮肥梯度随机区组栽培试验。结果表明,叶片干物质的分配比例在拔节孕穗期时最高,且其随着生育进程逐渐降低,在乳熟期达到最低值;茎干物质的分配比例在乳熟期降至最低;齐穗期的穗干物质分配比例不到20%,而乳熟期的穗干物质量将近占总干物质量的43%;早造和晚造水稻的结实率差异极显著,总干重差异显著,而穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重、产量差异不显著;齐穗期以后,结实率和千粒重均与干物重呈负相关,而叶干重与穗数呈显著正相关,且相关性较大,茎干重与各产量性状密切相关,总干重与产量呈正相关。水稻干物重是决定高产的重要因素。     

Comparative Performance of Rice with System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Conventional Management using Different Plant Spacings

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) reportedly enhances the yields of rice (Oryza sativa L.) through synergy among several agronomic management practices. This study was conducted to investigate the effects on rice plant characteristics and yield by comparing the plants grown with different methods of cultivation – SRI vs. recommended management practices (RMP) focusing on the impact of different plant spacings. Performance of individual hills was significantly improved with wider spacing compared with closer‐spaced hills in terms of root growth and xylem exudation rates, leaf number and leaf sizes, canopy angle, tiller and panicle number, panicle length and grain number per panicle, grain filling and 1000‐grain weight and straw weight, irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employed. Both sets of practices gave their highest grain yield with the spacing of 20 × 20 cm; however, SRI yielded 40 % more than the recommended practice. At this spacing, canopies also had the highest leaf area index (LAI) and light interception during flowering stage. The lowest yield was recorded at 30 × 30 cm spacing under both the practices, as a result of less plant population (11 m^?2), despite improved hill performance. During the ripening stage, hills with wider spacing had larger root dry weight, produced greater xylem exudates, and transported these towards shoot at faster rates. These features contributed to the maintenance of higher chlorophyll levels, enhanced fluorescence and photosynthesis rates of leaves and supported more favourable yield attributes and grain yield in individual hills than in closely‐spaced plants. Moreover, these parameters further improved in SRI, apart from the enhanced percentage of effective tillers and showed substantial and positive impacts on grain yield (17 %) compared with recommended practice. In conclusion, wide spacing beyond optimum plant density, however, does not give higher grain yield on an area basis and for achieving this, a combination of improved hills with optimum plant population must be worked out for SRI.     

Mineral Composition and Soil-Plant Relationships for Common Guava (Psidium guajava L.) and Yellow Strawberry Guava (Psidium cattleianum var. lucidum) Tree Parts and Fruits

The mineral compositions of the fruit and tree parts of common guava, Psidium guajava L., and strawberry guava, Psidium cattleianum var. lucidum, were determined. The study occurred during three seasons at six locations in Hawaii to assess guava as feed for livestock. Guava bark contained the greatest concentrations of calcium (Ca) and ash; leaves the greatest concentrations of magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), boron (B), and manganese (Mn); and the shoots had the greatest concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The leaves and the shoots had the greatest concentrations of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe). Between guava and waiwi, guava had greater concentrations of most minerals except for Na in all plant parts, and Mg and ash in the leaves. Guava leaves and shoots meet the macromineral requirements for various phases of sheep, goat, and beef cattle life cycles with the exception of P and Na. Guava shoots do not meet Mn requirements for lactating cows.     

春伐桑树不同伐条部位与桑叶产量的关系

通过春伐桑树不同伐条部位对产叶量影响的初步试验表明,在其它桑园管理措施一致的前提下,采取距离一年生枝条基部4～6 cm处（留芽2～3芽）伐条的剪伐方式,可显著提高芽条生长量和春叶产量,极显著提高秋叶产量,同时影响桑树生长发育.     

冬枣锈病发生与叶龄及其解剖结构关系的研究

为探讨冬枣叶龄、叶片解剖结构与锈病侵染和发病程度的关系，对冬枣3种不同叶龄的叶片进行锈病接种试验，并对叶片组织解剖结构进行了测定。结果表明：3种叶龄叶片感病程度由低到高依次为：成熟叶< 长成叶<嫩叶，由此可见，成熟叶对锈病的抵抗力最强；3种叶龄叶解剖性状在角质层厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅海比、叶片结构紧密度、叶片结构疏松度、气孔密度和气孔大小等指标有显著差异，但气孔开张结构性状差异不显著。文章筛选出了与冬枣锈病发生有关的叶片形态结构指标，为合理的控制冬枣锈病和筛选抗锈病冬枣优良单株的提供了理论依据。     

基于角点检测的叶缘锯齿快速识别

叶缘锯齿特征是植物识别的重要特征。本文提出了一种运用图像角点检测技术对叶缘锯齿进行识别和定位的方法。该方法首先利用基于Harris算子的方法进行角点检测,然后通过人工调整阈值提高检测精度。研究结果表明,该方法便捷、高效,在叶缘的锯齿检测中取得了较好的效果。     

Effects of bark mulch and npk fertilizer on yield,leaf nutrient status and soil mineral nitrogen during three years of strawberry production

The effects of bark mulch and NPK fertilizers on yield and leaf and soil nutrient status of ‘Korona’ strawberry plants (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.), were studied over a period of three years. A significant effect of mulching was found in the first harvest year, but additional fertilizer did not affect total yield. Bark mulch slightly decreased the level of leaf nitrogen, but increased the level of leaf phosphorus and potassium in all years. Bark had a significant, negative effect on soil nitrate and ammonium content in the two first seasons. Mulching increased the soil moisture content in all years.     

供氮水平对田间桑树叶片产量及其生理特性的影响

为了探寻龙桑一号的适宜施氮量,从而指导桑农科学施用氮肥,以桑树品种龙桑一号为试验材料,在大田条件下研究了不同供氮(纯氮)水平(0、48.3、96.6、144.9、193.2和241.5kg.hm-2)对桑树叶片产量及其生理特性的影响情况。结果表明:当施氮量为0～193.2kg.hm-2时,桑树单株枝条数、单枝叶片数、单叶面积、单叶质量和单株产叶量均随供氮水平的增加而增加,而当施氮量达到241.5kg.hm-2时,桑树单叶面积、叶片质量和单株产叶量反而有所降低;施氮量在0～144.9kg.hm-2范围内,桑树叶片中的全氮(N)和全磷(P)含量均随施氮量的增加而提高,而当施氮量超过144.9kg.hm-2时,叶片中的全氮和全磷含量随着施氮量的增加反而有所降低,这说明施氮量过高反而降低了桑树对N和P的吸收;随着供氮水平的增加,桑树叶片中的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均随施氮量的增加而增加。从氮肥对桑树产叶量及其生理特性的影响情况来看,桑树品种龙桑一号田间的最佳施氮量为144.9～193.2kg.hm-2。