外源氮对紫花苜蓿固氮酶活性和酰脲含量的影响及其相关关系研究

以‘甘农3号’为研究材料,采用室外(防雨网室)盆栽营养液砂培法,模拟土壤中2种氮素形态(NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N)的存在形式,研究混合态氮(NO₃^--N:NH₄⁺-N为1:1)的5个供氮水平(0,105,210,315,420 mg·L^-1)对紫花苜蓿固氮酶活性和酰脲含量的影响并筛选出最佳氮浓度;在筛选出的最佳氮浓度下研究2种形态(NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N)氮的7种不同的配比NO₃^--N:NH₄⁺-N(1/7,1/3,3/5,5/5,5/3、3/1,7/1)对紫花苜蓿固氮酶活性和酰脲含量的影响;并对根瘤固氮酶活性和酰脲含量之间的相关关系进行了分析。研究表明:最能促进紫花苜蓿酰脲累积和根瘤固氮能力的外源氮浓度为210 mg·L^-1;最佳混合型态氮配比为NO₃^--N:NH₄⁺-N=1/3。2种试验处理下紫花苜蓿地上部分酰脲含量(y)与固氮酶活性(x)之间分别存在显著正相关关系(P < 0.01),可分别用y=0.0321x+0.4759(R=0.911)和y=0.0313x+0.5545(R=0.960)表示,且2模型高度相似,这为寻求生产中评估紫花苜蓿固氮能力的简便方法提供理论依据。     

缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响

采用砂培培养方法研究了缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响.结果表明:缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆根瘤的生长,表现为根瘤干重重下降,根瘤数量减少;缺磷胁迫显著降低了大豆的固氮能力,表现为根瘤吲氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量降低;缺磷胁迫降低了大豆的固氮量,固氮量随磷水平的增加而增加,随着生育时期的推进,固氮量表现为先增加后降低再增加的趋势,无磷(0μmol·L~(-1))与高磷(50 μmo·L~(-1))以及低磷(30μmol·L~(-1))与高磷处理间均达到了5%的显著差异.因此,缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆的结瘤固氮作用,使大豆的同氮效率降低.     

氮源对结瘤烟草生长和固氮活性的影响

[目的]研究氮源对结瘤烟草生长和固氮的影响。[方法]用豇豆512根瘤菌(R. Leguminosarum)诱导烟草结瘤并研究不同氮源对植株生长的影响。[结果]结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,NO3-和NH4+均能促进植物生长和类根瘤的形成;(NH4)2SO4对植物生长和类根瘤形成的促进作用比前两者差。[结论]烟草类根瘤具有一定的固氮活性。     

马尾松幼树根系固氮细菌的发现及其初步研究

对六类不同岩性发育的土壤中马尾松幼树根系的固氮细菌进行了初步研究，结果发现，在马尾松幼树的根系上能普遍分离到固氮细菌，但在不同岩性的土壤中分离的效果有差异；主、侧根及树势等的不同都影响分离效果。采用根段法和富集法共分离到１４２个菌株。其中一株经鉴定为争论产碱菌（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓｐａｒａｄｏｘｕｓ）。并对其中２６个菌株进行了回接实验，有９个菌株回接成功。固氮效能的测定结果表明其中Ａ｀１０、Ａ｀１３、Ｇ１、ｇ２ｗ四株菌的固氮效能为每消耗１ｇ葡萄糖分别固定氮２．１０—３．５０ｍｇ、４．２０—５．１３ｍｇ、３．６６—６．８３ｍｇ和１．９３—２．６０ｍｇ。     

桑树根际固氮细菌的分离鉴定及固氮酶活力测定

利用固氮细菌可降低桑园化肥使用量和提高桑叶产量与品质。采用选择性培养基,从桑树根际分离获得24个具有固氮能力的细菌分离株,以rep-PCR基因指纹分析聚类为18个聚类群。经固氮酶活性测定,PA19、PA2和PK1菌株具有较强的固氮酶活性。利用菌落形态特征观察及16S rDNA碱基序列测定和同源性分析,对3株细菌进行鉴定的结果是:PA19菌株为中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium sp.),PA2菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),PK1菌株为土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium sp.)。     

Nodule study in Albizia chinensis in relation to nitrogen metabolism,morphology and biomass

Morphology,biomass,nitrate reductase(NR)and nitrogenase activity in Albizia chinensis(Osb.)Merr.nodules were assessed on monthly and seasonal basis for 1 year.Average NR and nitrogenase activity was higher during the rainy season,reaching a maximum in August.Thereafter,activity decreased through autumn and reached a minimum value during winter.Fresh and dry biomass of nodules increased gradually from summer to the rainy season and then started decreasing with the onset of winter as nodules began to senesce.Among four developmental stages of the nodules that correspond to their increasing age,NR and nitrogenase activity remained low in stage 1 nodules and peaked in stage 2.The activity of both enzymes further decreased with increasing age(stage 2 to stage 4).Morphological features such as shape,diameter and color varied considerably among the developmental stages.Stage 1 nodules were cream-colored,oval to heartshaped with smallest average diameter whereas at stage 2,they became bilobed to tetralobed.On the other hand,stage 3 nodules had the largest average diameter and were multilobed in structure.Stage 4 nodules that correspond to the senescing stage were dark brown to black,multilobed,flattened and hollow due to degeneration of nodular tissue.     

巴西固氮甘蔗品种和广西主栽甘蔗品种氮代谢差异比较

[目的]探讨从巴西引进的甘蔗品种与广西主栽甘蔗品种在低氮条件下种植的氮代谢差异,以及这种差异与其固氮酶活性之间的关系。[方法]以巴西引进的甘蔗固氮品种和广西主栽的甘蔗品种为材料,在低氮条件下进行桶栽试验,在甘蔗的生长初期、生长盛期及生长后期分别取甘蔗品种的叶片样本分析其氮代谢和铵同化相关的酶活性和固氮酶活性,并分析各指标间的相关性。[结果]不同甘蔗品种的固氮活性不同,其总体表现为巴西引进的甘蔗品种的固氮酶活性都高于当地主栽品种;除了RB72-454品种外,几个巴西品种的硝酸还原酶活性都较高,当地甘蔗品种与巴西引进甘蔗品种的硝态氮含量和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性相差不大;固氮酶活性与几个氮代谢相关指标的相关性分析表明,除了铵态氮含量与固氮酶活性成负相关外,其他几个指标与固氮酶活性都没有太大的相关性,铵态氮对甘蔗体内的固氮酶活性有显著的抑制作用。     

Growth and yield responses of a Nepalese spring wheat cultivar to the inoculation with Nepalese Azospirillum spp at various levels of nitrogen fertilization

The Azospirillum 10SW used in our experiments was isolated from roots of wheat growing in nitrogen-poor soil of a hilly region of Nepal, where inorganic nitrogen fertilizers were never used. The main objectives of this work were to assess the effects of inorganic nitrogen fertilization in the yield responses of wheat grown in association with the bacteria. The in vitro experiments were done in laboratory, whereas the pot experiments were performed in a greenhouse. The nitrogenase activities of in vitro grown Azospirillum were repressed by nitrate. The magnitude of repression was lower when the bacteria were growing in association with wheat. The number of roots per plant was increased significantly in inoculated plants irrespective of the nitrate concentration of the medium. Inoculation with Azospirillum 10SW also increased the yield of wheat grown in pots with medium levels of nitrogen fertilization. These data show the possibility of inoculation of this Azospirillum spp. in combination with nitrogen fertilizer to improve the yield of wheat. Azospirillum inoculation enhanced the development of roots and shoots in the early growth stages of wheat. It may be one of the factors responsible for the yield increases. Received: 11 December 1996     

Hydrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max. L.) inoculated with different strains ofRhizobium spp.

Summary Hydrogenase activities and N₂-fixing capacities of soybean nodules (Glycine max. cv. Hodgson), inoculated with strains ofBradyrhizobium japonicum andRhizobium fredii from different geographical regions, were measured after 35 days of culture under controlled conditions. Of the strains tested, 47% induced nodules with bacteroids which recycled H₂. The data obtained suggest that H₂-recycling ability is not a major factor influencing early N₂-fixation which depends essentially on the precocity and intensity of the initial nodulation.     

Short- and long-term effects of ammonium on photodependent nitrogen fixation in wetland rice fields of Spain

Short- and long-term experiments were conducted in the rice fields of Valencia, Spain, to determine the ecological significance of ammonium on nitrogen fixation. A significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium, at concentrations higher than 0.5mM, was observed after 8h of incubation in short-term experiments done with a bloom of the N₂-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. In a second set of short-term experiments for in situ assays of nitrogenase activity in the field, a significant correlation between nitrogenase activity and the number of N₂-fixing cyanobacteria in soil was found. No significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium at concentrations up to 2mM was observed in these assays after 24h of incubation. This lack of inhibition was probably due to the rapid decrease in ammonium content in the flood water. Only 5% of the ammonium initially added remained in the water 24h later. In the long-term experiments, nitrogenase activity was assayed in plots fertilized with 0, 70 and 140kgNha^–1, over the cultivation cycle, for 5 years. A partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by deep-placed N fertilizers was observed. Differences were only significant in 2 years. Mean results from 5 years only showed significant differences between plots fertilized with 0 and 140kgNha^–1. The partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium increased over the cultivation cycle. Inhibition was only significant in September, at the end of the cultivation cycle. Received: 28 January 1996