Characterisation of and changes in the atmospheric deposition situation in German forest ecosystems using multivariate statistics

Based on the results of the atmospheric deposition classification of the year 1989, a methodical approach should be introduced, which—based on the modelled total deposition rates—enables us to characterise the input situation of forest monitoring plots and to delimit load areas in Germany. In 1989, the deposition situation in nearly 1,800 forest monitoring sites (BZE/extensive Soil Condition Inventory) in Germany could be explained by four factors (or three, excluding sea salt impact) with the help of a factor analysis. The factor values were grouped into six deposition types with typical compounds and regional patterns. The classified input rates of the soil inventory plots adequately represent the stress situation and deposition changes in Germany. The application of the statistical approach on the level of Brandenburg clarifies the special local input situation. Due to the special combination of deposed elements, the sources of emissions can be characterised as well. When the soil inventory is repeated, a project planned for 2006, this approach can be used in order to determine homogenous areas for stratified data evaluation.     

Evaluating agroforestry interventions in extension projects

Because of the relative dearth of scientific information in agroforestry, monitoring and evaluation of agroforestry technologies in development projects plays an important role in the development and improvement of technical extension recommendations. To identify appropriate methodologies, ICRAF conducted in 1988–89 a review of agroforestry technology monitoring and evaluation in 166 projects worldwide, of which 108 responded. Almost 80% of these were involved in technology evaluation. Many extension projects were conducting research to test technologies on-farm or on research plots. Technology evaluation by projects focused on the biological of trees, often with inadequate consideration of the technology context. Few projects seemed to use farmer assessment in evaluation. Recommendations are made for an effective evaluation process and selection of appropriate methods and variables to be assessed by projects. Methods should be selected according to the availability of resources and should favour collaborative or collegial interaction between farmers and project staff.     

A system for model-based biomass estimation of larvae in intensive cod larvicultures

High and unpredictable mortality rates are observed in the larval rearing of cod (Gadus morhua). As a means of addressing this problem, we present a model-based estimator system which can be used to indirectly measure the larval density through monitoring the live food dynamics and larval growth. The estimator has been evaluated in a conceptual context using a preliminary model formulation, and the observability of the process has been investigated. It was found that the two parameters, live food dynamics and larval growth, contain enough information for the larval density to be estimated under noisy conditions, given the correct model. When the system is applied practically, the estimation error will depend on the measurement and model accuracy; this is especially true with respect to the predictability of the feed intake rate of the fish.     

Risk-based surveillance of antimicrobial residues in pigs – Identification of potential risk indicators

Around 20,000 samples are analysed each year for the presence of antibacterial residues in Danish finisher pigs, and between zero and five samples are detected positive above the maximum residue level (MRL). The intention was to develop a risk-based surveillance programme involving fewer samples while ensuring equal sensitivity. Therefore, risk indicators were searched for. Data were obtained from the Danish slaughterhouse database covering the period from July 2010 to December 2012. Residues were found or suspected in 17 incidents. In nine of these, the farmer had called in to prevent the pigs from being slaughtered. Hence, eight suspect cases were found through the surveillance programme, and two of these were above MRL. For these eight case herds, the number of pigs slaughtered and the number in which each of the following lesions were found were included in a statistical analysis: chronic pleuritis, tail bite, chronic pericarditis, chronic pneumonia, chronic peritonitis, osteomyelitis, abscess in hindquarters, abscess in leg/toe and abscess in forequarters. Only chronic pleuritis was associated with the presence of residues. Next, data from all herds delivering pigs for slaughter to the same abattoir were included covering a 3-month period prior to the residue finding. The prevalence of chronic pleuritis was on average 1.7 times higher in the eight case herds compared to all other herds. In two herds, the prevalence was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05), and in one herd substantially higher, but only borderline significant (P = 0.1). In the remaining herds, the prevalence did not differ from the other herds delivering pigs to the abattoir. This indicates that chronic pleuritis might be considered as a risk indicator for use in surveillance. Other risk indicators/factors – reported in the cases where the farmers called in – were inadequate marking of treated animals and incorrect use of medication dispensers. These factors are not suited for use in surveillance and should be dealt with otherwise.     

离体叶段喷雾法建立小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮的敏感基线及其监测技术

为建立小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮抗药性的离体叶段喷雾法监测标准,采用该方法测定了2013年采自河南、河北省部分麦区的101个小麦白粉病菌野生菌株对三唑酮的敏感性。结果表明,小麦白粉病菌群体对三唑酮敏感性的EC50范围为0.239 8~7.558 5μg·mL-1,平均为3.561 2±1.881 3μg·mL-1;其敏感性均呈连续单峰曲线分布,可作为喷雾防治时小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮杀菌剂的敏感性基线。     

耕地质量动态监测研究(英文)

耕地问题在我国这样一个人多地少的国家显得十分突出,主要表现在2个方面:一是人均耕地少,二是耕地质量下降。相对于耕地面积的有形减少而言,耕地质量的下降是隐性的,不易被人们所察觉,但其影响却绝不亚于耕地数量减少,耕地质量的变化正在对生态环境和社会经济发展构成严重的威胁。在高强度开发背景和耕地数量持续减少的态势下,对耕地质量监测的研究具有重要的现实意义。     

土地利用总体规划实施监测评估研究——以邵阳市城区为例

中心城区的土地利用监测是土地利用规划实施评估的重点内容,是土地利用规划顺利实施的重要保障之一。该研究以邵阳市城区为例,以2006~2012年邵阳市土地利用变更调查数据图件以及历年建设用地管理台账、农用地转用台账、土地开发整理台账等国土资源局相关科室统计资料为基础,对邵阳市2009~2012年土地利用变更调查图和土地利用规划图进行叠加分析并提取土地利用变化的图斑,从而对其扩张的规模和布局进行空间偏离度分析和评估。在此基础上,对邵阳城区用地需求进行分析,并提出规划调整应采取的方式:邵阳市在用地布局上应尽量与城市总体规划相衔接,优化中心城区工业用地布局,参考已确定的招商引资项目情况,将近期急需落地但又不在规划圈内的项目用地调整到规划圈内。     

我国环境二噁英监测现状分析

介绍了我国当前的二噁英排放控制标准、监测技术规范,分析了二噁英监测能力现状和二噁英监测工作中存在的问题,并提出了相应的建议。     

气象实时数据监控程序的设计与开发

对上海气象信息与技术支持中心而言,原先的气象信息数据监控系统由于操作复杂而需要改进.新的监控系统开发使用delphi6.0语言和多线程技术,对自动站数据、雷达和卫星数据、MICAPS压缩数据和MICAPS解压数据这四类气象实时数据进行监控,以一体化的方式展现所有重要的监控信息,提高了工作效率.