Fusarium wilt of chickpea: physiological specialization, genetics of resistance and resistance gene tagging

Chickpea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is one of the major yield limiting factors in chickpea. The disease causes 10–90% yield losses annually in chickpea. Eight physiological races of the pathogen (0, 1A, 1B/C, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) are reported so far whereas additional races are suspected from India. The distribution pattern of these races in different parts of the world indicates regional specificity for their occurrence leading to the perception that F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris evolved independently in different regions. Pathogen isolates also exhibit differences in disease symptoms. Races 0 and 1B/C cause yellowing syndrome whereas 1A, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 lead to wilting syndrome. Genetics of resistance to two races (1B/C and 6) is yet to be determined, however, for other races resistance is governed either by monogenes or oligogenes. The individual genes of oligogenic resistance mechanism delay onset of disease symptoms, a phenomenon called as late wilting. Slow wilting, i.e., slow development of disease after onset of disease symptoms also occurs in reaction to pathogen; however, its genetics are not known. Mapping of wilt resistance genes in chickpea is difficult because of minimal polymorphism; however, it has been facilitated to great extent by the development of sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers that have revealed significant interspecific and intraspecific polymorphism. Markers linked to six genes governing resistance to six races (0, 1A, 2, 3, 4 and 5) of the pathogen have been identified and their position on chickpea linkage maps elucidated. These genes lie in two separate clusters on two different chickpea linkage groups. While the gene for resistance to race 0 is situated on LG 5 of Winter et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics 101:1155–1163, 2000) those governing resistance to races 1A, 2, 3, 4 and 5 spanned a region of 8.2 cM on LG 2. The cluster of five resistance genes was further subdivided into two sub clusters of 2.8 cM and 2.0 cM, respectively. Map-based cloning can be used to isolate the six genes mapped so far; however, the region containing these genes needs additional markers to facilitate their isolation. Cloning of wilt resistance genes is desirable to study their evolution, mechanisms of resistance and their exploitation in wilt resistance breeding and wilt management.     

北方粳稻分子育种研究进展

本文介绍了北方粳稻分子育种课题的研究情况和所取得的研究成果。目前主要进行两方面的研究，一方面为特异基因型的鉴定：主要有筛选鉴定出抗旱性材料86份，苗期抗寒性材料40份，后期抗寒性材料629份，抗稻瘟病材料28份，对筛选出的抗旱性材料进行了第二轮聚合杂交，共配组合171个。另一方面是关于遗传与生理基础研究，对穗部性状、粒形、产量和品质以及它们之间的关系进行了深入的研究。另外本文对北方粳稻分子育种材料构建过程中存在的问题进行了综合讨论，并讨论北方粳稻分子育种今后的发展方向。     

宜兴茶园土壤侵蚀及生态影响

茶园是苏南丘陵坡地的一种典型利用方式 ,其上发生的土壤侵蚀及产生的生态影响不容忽视。而要测度土壤侵蚀 ,137Cs示踪法是目前使用较多的一种有用工具 ,但要用此法 ,需找到研究区的137Cs背景值 ,并建立合适的估算模型。本文在对宜兴茶园研究时 ,确定了这里的137Cs背景值为 2 2 0 0Bqm- 2 ,并建立了估算耕作土壤的较合理的模型h =Hc× (Cref-Ct) /(Cref-Cin)。在此基础上衡量了研究对象的土壤侵蚀量 ;并进一步探讨了由此引发的生态影响 ,包括土层减薄、土壤质地改变和养分流失这样的直接影响 ,以及与之相应的一些间接影响 ,如能耗增加、水体富营养化及土地适宜性变化等 ;并且 ,还采用等值侵蚀模数这个指标 ,在与其他地区尤其是黄土和红壤区比较中揭示了苏南地区土壤侵蚀的生态危害的严重性     

RAPD and ISSR molecular markers in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Olea europaea</Emphasis> L.: Genetic variability and molecular cultivar identification

Thirty Portuguese and eight foreign olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars were screened using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Twenty RAPD primers amplified 301 reproducible bands of which 262 were polymorphic; and 17 ISSR primers amplified 204 bands of which 180 were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands detected by ISSR and RAPD was similar (88 and 87%, respectively). The genetic variability observed was similar in the Portuguese and foreign olive cultivars. Seven ISSR and 12 RAPD primers were able to distinguish individually all 38 olive cultivars. Twenty specific molecular markers are now available to be converted into Sequence Characterised Amplified Region (SCAR) markers. Relationships among Portuguese and foreign cultivars is discussed.     

Fatty acid composition of various ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas of Norway spruce

Whole cell fatty acid (WCFA) compositions of three different structures of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi: sporocarps, pure culture mycelia and ectomycorrhizas were analysed to evaluate the potential use of fatty acid profiles as biomarkers for ECM fungi and ectomycorrhiza-associated bacteria. Sporocarps of Amanita muscaria, Amanita rubescens, Lactarius rufus, Lactarius thejogalus, Leccinum scabrum, Paxillus involutus, Russula foetens, Russula rosea, Russula vesca, Suillus grevillei, Tylopilus felleus, Xerocomus badius, Xerocomus subtomentosus, pure cultures of A. muscaria, P. involutus, X. badius, X. subtomentosus, Suillus bovinus Suillus luteus and seven ectomycorrhizal morphotypes of Norway spruce were examined. Our results revealed species-specific composition of fatty acids of fungal sporocarps and pure culture mycelia. Ectomycorrhizal morphotypes distinguished and identified by morphological and molecular methods (PCR-RLFP and sequencing) created specific fatty acid profiles. The dominating fatty acids in pure cultures and sporocarps were 18:2ω6,9, 18:1ω9 and 16:0, whereas ectomycorrhizas also contained plant and bacterial specific fatty acids. Especially, fatty acids specific to Gram-positive bacteria 15:0 anteiso and 17:0 anteiso were present in relatively high amounts and suggested that these bacteria are dominating in the examined Norway spruce mycorrhizosphere. In conclusion, our results show that fatty acid based methods can be useful in studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi, both as a quick method for differentiation of fungal species and also in studies of mycorrhiza-associated microorganisms in the field.     

Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Analysis of Diploid Coffee Species and Cultivated Coffea arabica L. from Tanzania

Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to evaluate levels of genetic similarity among Coffea arabica L. accessions from Tanzania and to estimate levels of genetic similarities in C. arabica and diploid coffee species. The six ISSR primers used generated a total of 82 fragments and the dissimilarity values ranged from 0.21 to 1. Mean dissimilarity values between provenances (0.56–0.85) were higher than within provenances (0.37–0.68). Cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distances showed C. arabica provenances grouping based on geographical origin. Two major clusters were formed that constituted of provenances from Kilimanjaro and Arusha in one sub-cluster; Tanga and Morogoro in the other; the second cluster had Mbeya provenances and diploid species, respectively. The implication is that Mbeya provenances are different from the rest of Tanzanian C. arabica. A principal coordinate analysis (PCA), whose first three coordinates explained 43% of the variation, showed similar groupings as in the cluster analysis. A separate cluster analysis of diploid species showed a distinct separation of the three species used. ISSR data gave results similar to previous findings from random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) analysis. The results also confirm the limited diversity present in cultivated C. arabica in Tanzania     

Comparison of modeling approaches to quantify residue architecture effects on soil temperature and water

RZ-SHAW is a hybrid model, comprised of modules from the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model integrated into the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) that allows more detailed simulation of different residue types and architectures that affect heat and water transfer at the soil surface. RZ-SHAW allows different methods of surface energy flux evaluation to be used: (1) the SHAW module, where evapotranspiration (ET) and soil heat flux are computed in concert with a detailed surface energy balance; (2) the Shuttleworth–Wallace (S–W) module for ET in which soil surface temperature is assumed equal air temperature; and (3) the PENFLUX module, which uses a Penman transformation for a soil slab under incomplete residue cover. The objective of this study was to compare the predictive accuracy of the three RZ-SHAW modules to simulate effects of residue architecture on net radiation, soil temperature, and water dynamics near the soil surface. The model was tested in Akron, Colorado in a wheat residue-covered (both standing and flat) no-till (NT) plot, and a reduced till (RT) plot where wheat residue was incorporated into the soil. Temperature difference between the soil surface and ambient air frequently exceeded 17 °C under RT and NT conditions, invalidating the isothermal assumption employed in the S–W module. The S–W module overestimated net radiation (R_n) by an average of 69 Wm⁻² and underestimated the 3-cm soil temperature (T_s3) by 2.7 °C for the RT plot, attributed to consequences of the isothermal assumption. Both SHAW and PENFLUX modules overestimated midday T_s3 for RT conditions but underestimated T_s3 for NT conditions. Better performances of the SHAW and PENFLUX surface energy evaluations are to be expected as both approaches are more detailed and consider a more discretized domain than the S–W module. PENFLUX simulated net radiation slightly better than the SHAW module for both plots, while T_s3 was simulated the best by SHAW, with a mean bias error of +0.1 °C for NT and +2.7 °C for RT. Simulation results for soil water content in the surface 30 cm (θ_v30) were mixed. The NT conditions were simulated best by SHAW, with mean bias error for θ_v30 within 0.006 m³ m⁻³; RT conditions were simulated best by the PENFLUX module, which was within 0.010 m³ m⁻³.     

鲍分子遗传学研究进展

阐述了近年来鲍分子遗传学方面的研究进展,总结了核型分析、等位酶、微卫星和小卫星、随机扩增多态性DNA、限制性片断长度多态性、线粒体DNA、表达序列标签研究和基因序列等技术在鲍种群遗传多样性、遗传分化、遗传结构及种质鉴定等方面的应用。并指出今后应加强鲍蛋白质组学、功能基因组学、遗传连锁图谱、数量性状基因座和标记辅助选择等方面研究。     

江苏省杂草稻遗传多样性及其起源分析

前期调查研究表明江苏是中国杂草稻危害最严重的省份之一,尤其以苏中地区最甚。因此,本文利用具有多态性的33个共显性SSR标记,分析苏中地区的11个杂草稻种群以及苏南苏北部分杂草稻样品,以揭示江苏省主要杂草稻的遗传多样性及其来源。结果表明苏中地区11个杂草稻群体总的遗传多样性(He)为0.1661,Shannon指数(I)为0.2872;多态位点百分率达到87.88%,等位基因数(Na)为2.1515,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.2887。其中,泰州的遗传多样性最高而南通地区的最低。杂草稻在地区之间的遗传分化(1%)显著小于杂草稻种群之间的遗传分化(39%),更小于种群内的遗传分化(60%)。聚类分析和主成分分析结果表明苏中和苏南地区杂草稻以籼型为主,苏北地区存在少量粳型杂草稻;苏中地区的杂草稻与现有栽培稻品种和普通野生稻没有明显的亲缘关系,但与曾经栽培过的杂交水稻品种有关。因此,本研究相对支持江苏省杂草稻可能主要来自栽培稻的基因重组或回复突变等产生野生性状即返祖遗传的假说。苏北地区的杂草稻可能来源于穞稻与现今栽培稻杂交的后代。     

冬小麦种质“矮孟牛”姊妹系遗传差异

采用田间试验鉴定和基因组分子标记分析相结合的方法,对冬小麦种质“矮孟牛” 7个类型的性状和基因组遗传差异比较分析。结果表明,7个类型在调查的株高、穗长、穗粒数、粒长、粒宽、单株穗数等16个性状方面存在差异,其中矮孟牛V型的主要产量构成因素等性状比较协调,总体优于其他6个类型。在检测的2 210对SSR、EST-SSR和STS标记中,有656对标记可在矮孟牛三亲本中显示多态性,将其用于矮孟牛7个类型全基因组遗传差异分析,并利用GGT2.0绘制7个类型的遗传差异图谱。在矮孟牛V型的1A、1B、2D、3A、4D、7A染色体上检测到8个特异位点,利用矮丰3号/牛朱特和孟县201/牛朱特构建的2个F₂分离群体,经IciMappingV3.0单标记QTL作图分析,发现矮孟牛V型部分特异位点附近存在与产量构成因素等重要性状相关的QTL。矮孟牛V型的基因组特异位点可能是它作为骨干亲本区别于其他姊妹系的重要基因组特征。