试论水环境中的氮污染行为

水环境中氮污染问题越来越受到世人的密切关注。城镇生活污水、含氮的工业废水和农田氮肥是水环境的主要氮污染源。影响水环境中氮污染的主要因素是含氮污水的排放性状、纳污水体的环境容量以及人为与自然条件下氮素的物理、化学的转化作用     

行喷式喷灌机喷灌强度和均匀度的计算

本文根据国外机组引进课题以及几次喷灌机设计计算的总结与研究,说明并推求出时针式喷灌机和平移式喷灌机喷灌强度和均匀度的计算公式,且提出了喷头水量分布的模拟计算方法。文章主要解决了行喷式喷灌机的喷灌强度和均匀度的计算问题。     

GPS和GIS在土壤物理参数调查中的应用

利用GPS和GIS技术，对位于雷州半岛的广东省幸福农场的土壤物理参数进行了调查，得到0～30cm深度范围内土壤的圆锥指数、含水率和密度分布图，并进行了3种耕作方式对土壤圆锥指数影响的对比。通过分析得出，土壤含水率不仅影响作物的生长，而且在一定程度上影响土壤的其他基本参数。     

Deficit irrigation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in a sub-humid climate

The response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to 14 irrigation treatments in a sub-humid environment (Bursa, Turkey) was studied in the field for two seasons. A rainfed (non-irrigated) treatment as the control and 13 irrigation treatments with full and 12 different deficit irrigations were applied to the hybrid Sanbro (Novartis Seed Company) planted on clay soil, at three critical development stages: heading (H), flowering (F) and milk ripening (M). The yield increased with irrigation water amount, and the highest seed yield (3.95 t ha⁻¹) and oil yield (1.78 t ha⁻¹) were obtained from the HFM treatment (full irrigation at three stages); 82.9 and 85.4% increases, respectively, compared to the control. Evapotranspiration (ET) increased with increased amounts of irrigation water supplied. The highest seasonal ET (average of 652 mm) was estimated at the HFM treatment. Additionally, yield response factor (k _y) was separately calculated for each, two and total growth stages, and k _y was found to be 0.8382, 0.9159 (the highest value) and 0.7708 (the lowest value) for the total growing season, heading, and flowering-milk ripening combination stages, respectively. It is concluded that HFM irrigation is the best choice for maximum yield under the local conditions, but these irrigation schemes must be re-considered in areas where water resources are more limited. In the case of more restricted irrigation, the limitation of irrigation water at the flowering period should be avoided; as the highest water use efficiency (WUE) (7.80 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) (10.19 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹) were obtained from the F treatment.     

粘土基微孔陶瓷渗灌灌水器制备与性能优化

提出了一种渗灌用粘土基微孔陶瓷的低成本制备工艺,通过对比不同制备工艺对粘土基微孔陶瓷的抗弯强度、线收缩率和开口孔隙率的影响规律,筛选出综合具有较高抗弯强度、较小线收缩率和较高开口孔隙率微孔陶瓷的最佳制备工艺。研究表明:烧结温度及炉渣的掺量和粒径对粘土基微孔陶瓷的物相成分、抗弯强度、线收缩率、开口孔隙率和微观结构有较大影响。其中,烧结温度为1 075℃,炉渣掺量质量分数为10%~30%的粗颗粒粘土基微孔陶瓷具有9.0~11.0 MPa的抗弯强度、3.8%~4.7%的线收缩率和36.8%~44.8%的开口孔隙率,是制备渗灌灌水器的理想材料。     

近34年玛纳斯河流域棉花生长和耗水特征研究

利用1980—2013年北疆玛纳斯河流域乌兰乌苏农业气象站长期的农气观测实验资料,对3个典型棉花种植时期:裸地沟灌(NF,1980—1993年)、覆膜沟灌(MF,1994—2004年)以及膜下滴灌时期(MD,2005—2013年)的棉花生长和耗水特征进行对比研究。结果表明:在充分灌溉的条件下,棉花籽粒产量主要受温度影响,而蒸散量的变化与灌水量有关。近34年,该站棉花籽棉产量和棉田蒸散量均呈增加趋势,每年籽棉产量的增加率大于蒸散量的增加率,棉田水分利用效率(WUE)和灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)也随之呈增加趋势。MD时期的WUE和IWUE值最大,分别为(0.7±0.1)、(1.0±0.3)kg/m3,在我国和世界其他干旱、半干旱棉花产区均处于较高水平。     

内蒙河套灌区建立回归水灌溉系统可行性分析

通过详实可靠的资料及多种因素分析 ,对河套灌区建立回归水灌溉系统的可行性进行了论证     

Ground-based remote sensing for assessing water and nitrogen status of broccoli

Remote sensing (RS) can facilitate the management of water and nutrients in irrigated cropping systems. Our objective for this study was to evaluate the ability of several RS indices to discriminate between limited water and limited nitrogen induced stress for broccoli. The Agricultural Irrigation Imaging System (AgIIS) was used over a 1-ha broccoli field in central Arizona to measure green (550 nm), red (670 nm), far red (720 nm), and near infrared (NIR-790 nm) reflectances, and thermal infrared radiation. Measurements were taken at a 1 m × 1 m resolution, every several days during the season. The following indices were calculated: ratio vegetation index (RVI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference based on NIR and green reflectance (NDNG), canopy chlorophyll concentration index (CCCI), and the water deficit index (WDI). The experimental design was a two-factor, nitrogen × water, Latin square with four treatments (optimal and low water and optimal and low nitrogen) and four replicates. In addition to RS measurements, the following in-situ measurements were taken: SPAD chlorophyll (closely related to nitrogen status), plant petiole nitrate-nitrogen concentrations, soil water content, and plant height, width, and leaf area index (LAI). Fresh marketable broccoli yield was harvested from plots 130 days after planting.Seasonal water application (irrigation plus rainfall) was 14% greater for optimal than low water treatments, whereas total nitrogen application was 35% greater for optimal than low N treatments. Although both nitrogen and water treatments affected broccoli growth and yield, nitrogen effects were much more pronounced. Compared to the optimal water and nitrogen treatment, broccoli yield was 20% lower for low water but optimal nitrogen, whereas yield was 42% lower for optimal water but low nitrogen. The RVI, NDVI, and NDNG indices detected treatment induced growth retardation but were unable to distinguish between the water and nitrogen effects. The CCCI, which was developed as an index to infer differences in nitrogen status, was found to be highly sensitive to nitrogen, but insensitive to water stress. The WDI provided appropriate information on treatment water status regardless of canopy cover conditions and effectively detected differences in water status following several irrigation events when water was withheld from low but not optimal water treatments. Using a RS ground-based monitoring system to simultaneously measure vegetation, nitrogen, and water stress indices at high spatial and temporal resolution could provide a successful management tool for differentiating between the effects of nitrogen and water stress in broccoli.     

渠道渗漏的数值模拟分析

采用以土壤水势为自变量Richards方程、考虑饱和流与非饱和流的联合求解的渠道渗漏二维数值模拟方法，以山东省位山灌区二干渠碱刘断面为例，模拟了不同运行情况下渠道两侧的地下水土壤水动态变化，通过水量平衡分析、与动水法渗漏量比较、与实测地下水位比较等，验证了数值方法模拟渠道渗漏的可靠性与参数选择的合理性。经     

高寒地区人工草地土壤微生物群落对不同种植方式和年限的响应

为了探讨高寒地区多年生人工草地土壤微生物对不同种植方式和年限的响应,本试验采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,研究了高寒地区不同生长年限的单播和混播人工草地土壤细菌和真菌群落多样性变化。结果表明：研究共识别出63个细菌门类和17个真菌门类,约有50%的真菌门未识别出来。已识别类群中细菌以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）占优势,真菌以子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、被孢霉门（Mortierellomycota）占优势。不同种植方式土壤细菌多样性和丰富度均无显著差异。中华羊茅（Festuca sinensis）草地和混播草地土壤真菌多样性和丰富度显著高于短芒披碱草（Elymus breviaristatus）草地的。混播草地不同生长年限细菌和真菌无显著变化,单播草地土壤细菌随年限的增长逐渐减少。高寒地区多年生人工草地土壤微生物多样性和丰富度显著受土壤硝态氮和速效磷含量变化影响。