Determining crop-water production functions using yield–irrigation gradient algorithms

Crop-water production functions (CWPFs) are a useful tool for irrigation planning, but derivation of CWPFs by field experimentation is expensive, and traditional analytical techniques are not well suited to derivation of CWPFs. Physiologically based crop models provide a useful tool for simulation of agricultural experiments, but they have not been extensively applied to the task of CWPF determination. A new algorithm type based upon differential crop yield response to irrigation (“yield–irrigation gradients” [YIG]) is presented that uses these crop models to determine planning-level irrigation schedules and CWPFs. Three specific algorithms are developed within this type, varying in complexity, performance, and computational costs. Performance of the YIG methods is compared against a standard reference evapotranspiration method. In particular, the randomized iterative YIG (RIYIG) algorithm provides near-optimal results but at the highest computational costs of all the methods specified. All of the techniques presented have general applicability and are not limited to any one crop or location.     

Evaluating a multi-level subsurface drainage system for improved drainage water quality

This paper describes a multi-level drainage system, designed to improve drainage water quality. Results are presented from a field scale land reclamation experiment implemented in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of New South Wales, Australia. A traditional single level drainage system and a multi-level drainage system were compared in the experiment in an irrigated field setting. The single level drainage system consisted of 1.8 m deep drains at 20 m spacing. This configuration is typical of subsurface drainage system design used in the area. The multi-level drainage system consisted of shallow closely spaced drains (3.3 m spacing at 0.75 m depth) underlain by deeper widely spaced drains (20 m spacing at 1.8 m depth). Data on drainage flows and salinity, water table regime and soil salinity were collected over a 2-year period.     

浅谈排灌标准在市场与生产中的作用

为促进企业发展使之取得良好的经济效益，讨论了排灌机械行业贯彻与应用标准的情况，分析了标准的作用。自从我国加入世贸组织，国际贸易量日益增大，熟悉和掌握与之相关的标准，参与市场竞争更显得非常重要。指出了标准在市场与营销及生产中的制约作用和利害关系。     

Irrigation and food security in the 21st century

Global food projections indicate that food prices in the next threedecades will likely be stable or decline, but progress inreducing malnutrition in developing countries will be slow. Smallshortfalls in crop productivity growth would lead to rising foodprices and worsening malnutrition. Increased food production fromirrigation is essential, and will require expansion of irrigatedarea and water supplies, and improved efficiency of use of existingwater supplies. Neither of these growth factors will prove easy, andboth will require complex institutional and policy reforms. Failureto meet food production needs through efficient expansion andintensification of irrigated agriculture would increase pressure onland resources and hasten the process of environmental degradation.Irrigation and water development strategies have been hampered bya lack of understanding of the links between water scarcity, foodproduction, food security, and environmental sustainability.Research to improve this understanding would have high payoffs.     

疏勒河灌区新垦盐碱地洗盐定额试

根据疏勒河灌区新垦盐碱地土壤含盐量高，需采用水平明沟排水冲洗改良的实际，开展了不同冲洗定额的洗盐效果试验研究，提出了排盐地区系数经验公式与冲洗定额对数函数计算公式。根据表层土壤含盐量高的特点，提出了以0~30cm土层作为冲洗改良盐碱地脱盐控制层的准则，并制定了相应的洗盐定额。     

中国灌溉草业可持续发展探讨

本文就我国牧区资源特点，分析了牧区灌溉草业发展的持续能力及障碍因素，提出了我国牧区灌溉草业可持续发展主要举措：建立水、草、畜平衡发展体系；合理利用水资源，发展节水型灌溉；建立永久性人工饲草料基地；强化灌溉草业科研与科技推广力度等基本构想     

Reuse of effluent water—benefits and risks

There is an increasing trend to require more efficient use of water resources, both in urban and rural environments. A major mechanism that can be used to achieve greater efficiencies is the reuse of water that once would have been discarded into the environment after use. The reuse of water for agricultural irrigation is often viewed as a positive means of recycling water due to the potential large volumes of water that can be used. Recycled water can have the advantage of being a constant, reliable water source and reduces the amount of water extracted from the environment. In addition, in some cases treatment requirements may be need to be less than for water used in an urban environment due to less potential human contact. There are concerns and unknowns, however, about the impact of the quality of the recycled water, both on the crop itself and on the end users of the crops. Water quality issues that can create real or perceived problems in agriculture include nutrient and sodium concentrations, heavy metals, and the presence of contaminants such as human and animal pathogens, pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors. Social attitudes to the use of crops that have been irrigated with recycled waters and the resulting impact on market value of crops are also a major consideration. This paper will discuss the benefits from using different types of recycled water and outline the current knowledge and opinions relating to risks such as water quality issues.     

漳河灌区节水灌溉影响分析

为了解决越来越严重的水资源危机，发展节水灌溉已经成为灌区越来越重要的任务。自改革开放以来，漳河灌区灌溉用水量有了大幅度下降，而农业生产总产量却有所上升。灌区通过节水灌溉，使得灌溉水分生产率不断提高，在保证农业生产总产量稳步提高的前提下节约灌溉用水。与此同时，将所节约的农业灌溉用水转移到如发电、城镇供水、工业用水等非农业用水部门，从而大大提高了单方水利用效益。这是我国开展节水灌溉较为成功的典范。通过研究漳河灌区节水灌溉的影响，寻求大型灌区真实节水的途径，使得有限的水资源得到更加充分、合理的利用。     

灌区计算机监控系统与灌溉优化调度模型集成应用研究

大型灌区实施计算机监控是提高灌区管理水平的重要手段,灌区轮灌分组优化模型旨在求解干渠各出水口运行时调度的最优组合方案,而灌溉优化调度方案在实施过程中往往仍然采用的是计算机远程人工调度.为此研究了一种灌区轮灌分组优化模型,并得出了灌溉优化调度方案,同时采用OPC（即OLE for Process Control）技术,使灌溉优化调度方案数据与计算机控制系统有效地结合起来,提高了灌区灌溉管理自动化水平。     

节水灌溉实时决策系统

为寻求利用有限水资源取得最高作物产量或最大效益的灌溉方案,应根据不同供给水源的时空分布,作物品种与生长期和农田水分状况进行综合分析,系统分析方法的线性或非线性规划方法可望得到最优结果。