大麦和小麦对猪用玉米植酸降解及磷利用率的影响

本研究开展了两项试验,评估小麦-大麦和玉米浸泡后或干日粮添加植酸酶对植酸含量和磷表观消化率的影响。在试验1中,小麦和大麦以1:1混合或小麦-大麦-玉米以1:1:2混合后浸泡0、2、4、8和24 h,其中小麦-大麦-玉米混合日粮中添加1250 FTU/kg植酸酶。结果显示,日粮类型与浸泡时间对植酸盐含量的影响具有显著交互作用(P <0.05),植酸盐含量随浸泡时间的延长而降低,其中小麦-大麦-玉米混合日粮+植酸酶下降幅度最大,其次为小麦-大麦-玉米混合日粮、小麦-大麦日粮和玉米日粮,植酸降解K值分别为8.7、15.8、24.4和303.4 h。小麦-大麦日粮或玉米日粮浸泡2、4、8和24 h后,植酸盐含量的估计值提高0.17、0.34、0.42和0.5 g/kg,显示出非加性效应。在小麦-大麦-玉米日粮浸泡2、4、8和24 h时,较单独浸泡的玉米植酸盐的降解高0.15、0.30、0.42和0.49 g/kg。试验2选择24头仔猪,每窝均重为(47±2)kg,猪被关在代谢笼中,饲喂试验1中的4种日粮,为期12 d(5 d预饲期,7 d样品收集期)。小麦-大麦-玉米混合日粮+植酸酶组磷表观消化率表现为最高,其次是小麦-大麦日粮组、小麦-大麦-玉米日粮组和玉米日粮组(P <0.05)。玉米日粮中磷表观消化率较小麦-大麦混合日粮低27%(P <0.05)。小麦-大麦-玉米混合日粮+植酸酶较小麦-大麦-玉米混合日粮磷表观消化率显著提高13%(P <0.05)。小麦-大麦-玉米日粮+植酸酶组磷表观消化率较玉米日粮提高14.6%。综上所述,小麦和大麦中存在的植酸酶是非特异性的,其与玉米以1:1:2混合浸泡后可以降解植酸磷。因此,小麦-大麦-玉米混合日粮浸泡后对植酸的降解水平不具有加性效应。用混合日粮饲喂猪,磷表观消化率也无加性效应。因此,在制定猪日粮配方时需要考虑磷消化率值非加性,以保证磷的有效利用。     

发芽大麦在鹌鹑上的营养价值评估

文章旨在评估发芽大麦作为饲料原料对鹌鹑产蛋性能、蛋品质、繁殖性能和血液生化指标的影响。试验选择72只产蛋期日本鹌鹑,饲养在12个阶梯式笼中(每笼6只,2只雄性和4只雌性),随机分到3组,对照组饲喂基础日粮(自由采食),处理1组饲喂基础日粮+新鲜发芽大麦(自由采食),处理2组饲喂基础日粮(限饲,对照组采食量的85%)+新鲜发芽大麦(自由采食),试验共开展11周。结果显示,处理1组的产蛋率显著高于对照组和处理2组(P<0.05),处理2组的日均采食量、平均蛋重均显著低于对照组和处理1组(P<0.05)。与对照组和处理2相比,处理1组受精率显著提高(P<0.05),处理2组较对照组和处理1组显著降低了鹌鹑蛋孵化率(P<0.05)。与对照组和处理2组相比,处理1组输卵管长度显著提高(P<0.05)。处理1组肌胃和睾丸相对重量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但发芽大麦处理组较对照组显著提高了卵巢和泄殖腔相对重量(P<0.05)。处理2组较其他两组显著降低了鹌鹑的末重(P<0.05)。与对照组和处理1组相比,处理2组显著降低了血糖水平(P<0.05),发芽大麦处理组较对照组显著降低了血浆白蛋白浓度(P<0.05)。综上所述,采用新鲜发芽大麦饲喂日本鹌鹑可显著提高产蛋率、肌胃和睾丸相对重量、受精率和孵化率,但不影响蛋品质指标和血液生化指标。日粮限饲添加发芽大麦对鹌鹑采食量无促进作用,发芽大麦的摄入量不能完全替代限饲导致的营养物质摄入量减少,最终导致产蛋率、受精率和孵化率降低。     

一株野大麦内生真菌的生物学与生理学特性

本研究对野大麦(Hordeum brevisubulatum)内生真菌(Epichlobromicola)菌株WBE1的生物学与生理学特性进行了研究。结果表明,内生真菌WBE1最适生长温度为22~25℃,4℃和35℃停止生长,最适生长pH为5.09~6.10的中性偏酸环境,对碳源的利用能力由强到弱依次为麦芽糖D-山梨糖甘露醇蔗糖乳糖可溶性淀粉葡萄糖D-果糖,D-木糖抑制其生长;对可利用氮源的利用能力由强到弱依次为胰蛋白胨牛肉膏蛋白胨酵母浸粉L-甲硫氨酸L-苯丙氨酸亮氨酸,不能利用硝酸钾、脯氨酸、草酸铵,钼酸铵抑制其生长,光照对菌丝生长无影响,CMA、OMA、PSA和PDA是菌丝生长较适宜的培养基,在WBA培养基上40d左右开始生长。菌株在PDA的前6周的生长速率呈增长趋势,第6周达最大值,第7周开始生长速率逐渐变小。     

Gelation of Waxy Barley Starch Hydrolysates

Thealpha-amylolysis of gelatinized waxy barley starch and the gelation of the hydrolysates was studied. The progress of the hydrolysis was monitored with gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography. Initial attack occurred mainly between the clusters, without significant hydrolysis of the external chains. The stiffness of 20% gels prepared from the polymeric products decreased with increasing hydrolysis of the amylopectin. A linear relationship between the shear modulus and the original high-molecular weight amylopectin content was observed. Although the branched degradation products of amylopectin (average DP <6×10⁴) were not involved in network formation, they retained their ability to recrystallize as analysed by differential scanning colorimetry. For more extensively hydrolysed products (average DP <5000) no recrystallization or gel formation was observed under the conditions tested. Information on the gel structure was obtained with acid hydrolysis and ion exchange chromatography. The structure of the acid-resistant gel residues was complicated, showing a five-peak distribution when analysed with ion exchange chromatography. No differences between the original and hydrolysate gels was observed. The gel residues were resistant to isoamylase.     

Ground deposit of pesticides in relation to the cereal canopy density

Pesticides not reaching the intended target may have negative effects on the environment and the field ecosystem. To estimate the potential ground water pollution and risk for soil-dwelling organisms it is necessary to estimate the amount of pesticide reaching the soil in different spraying situations. Literature shows that ground deposition may vary even within equal growth stages due to variations in canopy density. This paper discusses the feasibility of estimating the ground deposition of pesticides from canopy density in cereal fields. Spray experiments were carried out in wheat and barley with flat-fan nozzles of two sizes. Differences of ground deposition between the two nozzle sizes were insignificant. Adding surfactant to the spray solution significantly reduced the soil deposition in barley and in wheat cv Sleipner but not in cv Haven. A significant effect of Leaf Area Index (LAI) on ground deposition was obtained. A simple exponential model based on the LAI with an extinction coefficient of 0.48–0.50 may for many occasions satisfactorily describe the soil deposition of pesticides in cereals. Using non-destructive LAI-measurements combined with the deposition model may be useful in pesticide risk assessment on field, farm and larger regional scale and is optimising the application rate in site-specific farming. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

The production and characterisation of Hor 3 null lines of barley provides new information on the relationship of D hordein to malting performance

Six pairs of near isogenic lines, differing in the presence of absence of D hordein, were produced in backgrounds with different B and C hordein alleles by introducing a Hor 3 null gene discovered in a barley germplasm collection. Biochemical and cytochemical studies were performed on the harvested and malted grains. Statistical comparisons of the composition of the grains and their malting performance revealed that neither presence or absence of D hordein, nor gel protein levels related to differences in malting performance of the different lines. However, differences in hordein amount and in the grain ultrastructural characteristics could be related to some differences in malting performance between and within some pairs of lines.     

Synthesis and fungicidal activity of N-(p-sulfonylphenyl)-N1 -carbamoylureas

A series of 11 N-(p-sulfonylphenyl)-N¹-carbamoylureas was prepared by reaction of 1,6-diphenyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-s-triazine with chlorosulfonic acid and thionyl chloride. The resultant N-(p-chlorosulfonylphenyl)-N¹-carbamoylurea was subsequently condensed with amines, butanol, hydrazine and sodium azide. The hydrazide was reacted with carbonyl compounds and the azide with trimethyl phosphite. The products were tested for in-vivo fungicidal activity against barley powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis); the acetone hydrazone derivative showed the highest activity. © 1998 SCI.     

Synthesis of benzylaminopyrimidines and their fungicidal activities against wheat brown rust and barley powdery mildew

Members of a new class of fungicide containing benzylaminopyrimidine as a core structure were synthesized and their fungicidal potencies against wheat brown rust, Puccinia recondita, and barley powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis, were assessed. Among these fungicides, N-(fluoroalkoxy or fluorophenoxybenzyl)-4-pyrimidinamines showed notable preventive activities. The potency of the new pyrimidines was increased when a difluoromethoxy or tetrafluorophenoxy group was introduced at the 4- or 3-position of the phenyl moiety and a methyl or ethyl group was introduced at the benzyl position. Structure–activity relationships are discussed. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

青海省青稞品质育种现状与方向

青稞由于其特殊的抗旱性和耐寒性成为高海拔冷凉地区其它作物无法替代的粮食和饲料作物,上世纪90代以前青稞（裸大麦、是青海省农牧民的主要口粮,青稞育种目标主要针对高产、早熟、抗倒和主要病害的抗性研究,品质指标中简单考虑粗蛋白含量和赖氨酸含量的高低,生产应用当中食用、饲用工业用青稞相混,随着农业科学技术的发展和人民生活水平的提高,以往以满足农牧民口粮为主的高产育种目标已不能满足多样化市场对青稞的需求,在选育高产、早熟、抗倒、抗病的前提下,选育适合食用、饲用、酿造、加工及营养保健等专用型新品种已成为新的育种目标。     

区栽培青稞遗传的多样性再认识

利用SSR标记位点、单体醇溶蛋白、B组醇溶蛋白和淀粉粒结合蛋白（SGP）等4个方面对中国高原坝区栽培青稞的遗传多样性进行综合评价。认为高原坝区栽培青稞具有丰富的遗传多样性。