昭通桃柱野螟为害玉米的调查研究

 1990～1991年作者在云南省昭通地区绥江县进行玉米螟种类及发生规律调查中,发现桃蛀野螟 Dichocrocis punctiferalis (peach bore) 严重为害玉米,该虫在云南主要为害桃、李、苹等,本文记录了桃蛀野螟在绥江为害玉米及其发生消长情况,为省内首次报道.     

小麦禾谷孢囊线虫病发生规律的初步研究

研究表明 ,小麦禾谷孢囊线虫病在安阳市一年发生一代。除小麦外 ,未发现危害其它植物。该病在安阳县发生普遍 ,发病田块达 78.8%。在目前推广的小麦品种中未发现高抗或免疫品种 ,但品种间抗病性有差异 ;不同轮作制度对该病的发生发展影响很大 ,采用合理的轮作方式是防治该病的有效措施之一     

Microhabitat preferences of butterflies in urban parks: Both vegetation structure and resources are decisive

Urban parks comprise diverse microhabitats, such as vegetation units of lawn and arbour forests, with differing biodiversity potentials. However, the influences of microhabitats on butterfly diversity and the mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study used butterfly survey data from 112 plots in 27 urban parks in the central metropolitan area of Beijing, China, from June to September 2020. Based on the growth form of larval host plants, recorded butterfly species were classified into three functional groups: woody plant-feeding taxa (WF), herb-feeding taxa (HF), and feeding on multiple plant growth forms taxa (MF). We analysed the effects of 11 variables among three facets, namely, vegetation composition, vegetation structure, and human activity, on the butterfly diversity (species richness and abundance) of the whole community, three functional groups using generalised linear mixed models. Twenty-five butterfly species observed mainly feed on herbs rather than on woody plants. Our results demonstrated that vegetation community characteristics explain up to 24% and 43% variation in butterfly species richness and abundance, respectively. Of this, vegetation structure facets crucially affected butterfly species richness, and vegetation composition facets had the most significant influence on the abundance of the whole butterfly community. However, the impact of human activity factors was minimal. Light availability and herb height belonging to vegetation structure factors and nectar plant species richness and nectar abundance which belonged to vegetation composition factors showed the most important and positive effects on butterfly diversity. The positive impact of the above significant factors was found especially on herb-feeding butterfly diversity. In contrast, the diversity of butterflies feeding on woody plants was most positively influenced by herb height. We thus suggest that it is necessary to guarantee the presence of a well-developed herb layer, which provides abundant nectar sources and maintain specific open spaces to ensure light availability. In conclusion, our findings imply that the critical role of the spatial structure of vegetation community is conspicuous in the formation of suitable microhabitats for butterflies, and managers could combine vegetation management practices with the needs of specific functional groups.     

抗西瓜花叶病毒刺角瓜种质材料筛选

为确定甜瓜近缘种刺角瓜种质对西瓜花叶病毒(WMV)的抗性,在日光温室内,采用苗期人工摩擦接种的方法进行20份刺角瓜材料的抗性鉴定。结果表明,刺角瓜是西瓜花叶病毒的专性寄主,有较丰富的抗性种质,其中,PI292190表现为免疫,PI202681、Hm4-1-1、Hm1-4-1等3份种质表现为高抗。研究结果可为刺角瓜的抗病机制研究和挖掘、转育抗病毒基因提供丰富的抗性材料。     

中间偃麦草、长穗偃麦草及其杂种F1代同工酶研究

通过对过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)同工酶谱的分析,探讨中间偃麦草(Elytrigia elongata(Host)Nevski)、长穗偃麦草(E.intermedia(Host)Nevski)及其杂种F₁代的酶谱特征和亲缘关系。结果表明:亲本同工酶酶带数目、迁移率、着色程度等差异不大,二者亲缘关系较近。与亲本相比,杂种F₁代存在POD、SOD、PPO酶带丢失现象,但正、反交植株中均产生了一些亲本没有的新生带。杂种F₁代EST酶谱与亲本基本相同,仅着色程度略有差异。杂种F₁代植株的POD、PPO酶谱特征有偏向中间偃麦草的倾向,而SOD酶谱特征倾向于长穗偃麦草。杂种F₁代同工酶具有多态性,可作为遗传标记用于杂种鉴定和后代株系目标性状的选择。     

Effects of cultivar resistance and single fungicide application on rice sheath blight, yield, and quality

The increased number of sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani)-resistant rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars available will allow producers to use less fungicide and avoid significant reductions in grain and milling yields. Among cultivars currently in cultivation in the southern United States, sheath blight resistance levels range from very susceptible to moderately resistant. A study was conducted to determine the response of cultivars, with different levels of susceptibility, to sheath blight inoculations and fungicide application and to determine the impact of sheath blight disease development on rice yield and quality. Sheath blight epidemics in field plots were initiated by inoculation at the panicle differentiation growth stage in 2006 and 2007. Azoxystrobin at 0.17 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ was applied at mid-boot. Inoculation significantly increased sheath blight severity and incidence and caused yield losses of 8% in moderately resistant cv. Jupiter to 40% in very susceptible cv. Trenasse. Milling yields were affected to a lesser extent. Fungicide treatments reduced sheath blight incidence and severity, regardless of cultivar except in Jupiter. Single azoxystrobin applications were effective in minimizing yield loss due to sheath blight in all cultivars.     

河南鸡公山白粉菌寄主植物调查

2005—2006年在河南省鸡公山国家级自然保护区调查白粉菌寄主植物,发现白粉菌寄主植物23科43属52种植物,其中7种为中国新记录寄主植物,27种为河南省新记录寄主植物;使鸡公山国家级自然保护区有记录的白粉菌寄主植物达25科47属57种。     

转Bt基因玉米对亚洲玉米螟的抗性评价

转Bt基因抗虫玉米为诺华公司含Bt11转化系的杂交种NX4777,能全株表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白,以其非转基因受体玉米品种NX4906为对照。在玉米生长至心叶中期(50~60cm高)、抽雄前期和抽丝散粉期分别进行人工接亚洲玉米螟[Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)]初孵幼虫40~60头。以食叶级别、存活幼虫数、蛀孔数、隧道长度和雌穗被害级别等,分别作为评价玉米心叶期和穗期的抗性标准。结果表明,Bt玉米食叶级别仅为1级,显著低于对照的7级。Bt玉米平均每株存活幼虫0.04~0.20头、蛀孔0.11~0.15个、隧道长度0.13~0.41cm,雌穗被害级别为0,植株折茎率为0,而对照玉米平均每株存活幼虫6.19~12.41头、蛀孔4.48~7.05个、隧道长度12.41~24.09cm,雌穗被害级别为5.9,植株折茎率高达73.6%~95.5%。室内生测结果亦表明,取食Bt玉米心叶、雄穗的初孵幼虫3d全部死亡,取食花丝7d死亡率达到99%,相比之下取食常规玉米的存活率在88.7%以上。表明表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的Bt对亚洲玉米螟具有很高的抗虫性,能够保护玉米全生育期免受玉米螟的危害。     

烟青虫与棉铃虫对寄主植物的选择及适应能力的比较研究

就棉铃虫和烟青虫对寄主的选择和适应能力进行了研究。结果表明 :①烟青虫对食物的选择性比棉铃虫强 ,适应植物、获取营养的能力较弱 ,这可能是烟青虫的寄主范围较窄的原因之一②即使是昆虫的适食寄主 ,植物同样也能产生阻碍其消化和利用的化学物质     

宿主植物对AM真菌生长发育的影响

研究了宿主植物对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)真菌(Glomus mosseae)生长发育的影响。结果表明:温室条件下,4种宿主植物都能与丛枝菌根真菌共生,综合比较菌根长度、根外菌丝量及孢子数3项指标,高粱敖杂1号对真菌的生长发育最为有利。宿主植物菌根长度及根中的可溶性糖质量分数与根外孢子数呈显著正相关,而宿主植物中磷质量分数与菌根真菌的生长发育没有显著的相关性。说明不同宿主植物甚至同种宿主植物不同基因型的品种与丛枝菌根真菌的共生状况不同,宿主植物的菌根长度及根中可溶性糖质量分数对菌根真菌的生长发育有显著影响。