莲田化学除草剂的选择及使用技术

针对莲田人工除草费工费时、劳动强度大、效果欠佳;化学除草时,莲苗对药剂敏感性大,易产生药害的问题,对不同的杂草种类、不同杂草的生育期、不同的生态条件下,莲田化学除草剂的选择、使用技术及其注意事项进行了论述。     

几种除草剂对绿豆田杂草的防治效果及绿豆病害影响的研究

绿豆(Vigna radiata)是重要的粮食、蔬菜和药用作物,营养价值和药用价值均很高,在农业种植结构调整和种植模式的优化中具有重要的作用。研究通过10种除草剂组合防除绿豆田杂草,比较不同组合间杂草防除效果的差异,筛选出适用于辽宁地区的杂草防除方法。结果表明,除草效果最好的是4号组合(氟磺胺草醚高效氟吡甲禾草灵苗后喷雾),5号组合(拿捕净氟磺胺草醚苗后喷雾)和10号组合(精喹禾灵、氟磺胺草醚苗后喷雾),防治效果分别为92.3%、95.5%和93.5%,其中产量最高的是10号组合,产量为1 326.9 kg/hm2。此外,1号组合(异丙甲草胺氟磺胺草醚播后苗前喷雾)、5号组合(拿捕净氟磺胺草醚苗后喷雾)和11号组合(精喹禾灵、乙羧氟草醚苗后喷雾)还能有效对绿豆田间病害起到一定的防治作用,其中11号组合的防治效果最好,绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病和细菌性疫病的发病级别分别仅为3.2和4.2。研究通过分析10种不同除草剂组合对绿豆田间杂草的防治效果,对绿豆产量的影响以及田间常见病害的发病情况的影响,为辽宁地区绿豆田间草害的综合防治提供技术指导。     

球形微电解填料预处理除草剂生产废水的研究

[目的]探究采用球形微电解填料预处理除草剂生产废水的效果。[方法]采用球形微电解填料预处理除草剂生产废水,研究了pH、填料投加量和反应时间对处理效果的影响,测定了最佳条件下预处理前后水质变化,并对该技术的运行成本进行了分析。[结果]在pH为3、填料投加量为1.0 kg/L废水、反应时间为3.0 h的最佳反应条件下,COD去除率为26.3%;色度去除率为86.4%;TP去除率为95.6%;BOD5/COD比值由0.10升高到0.35,废水的可生化性得到明显提高;水处理成本为1.0元/t,与取得同等COD去除率的电解法相比成本较低。[结论]球形微电解填料预处理除草剂生产废水效果较好、成本较低、不板结,为后续生化处理奠定了基础。     

中国除草剂产业现状、面临的问题及发展趋势

从中国除草剂发展的现状出发，进行除草剂市场的分析和预测，在综合分析除草剂产业存在问题基础上，研究了除草剂发展的趋势和相应的对策。中国除草剂产业未来发展趋势：以非专利品种为主导，以“灭生性除草剂＋抗除草剂转基因作物”为主要模式，适当引进国外先进的除草剂，除草剂品种开发以粮食作物为主，以经济作物为辅，兼顾发展除草剂混剂和增效剂，杂草治理向综合防治方向发展。     

Effects of different pesticides on microbial populations,nitrogen mineralisation,and thiosulphate oxidation in the rhizosphere of jute (Corchorus capsularis L. cv.)

Summary A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of three pesticides (a herbicide, Basalin, and two fungicides, Dithane M-45 and Bengard), separately or in combination, on jute rhizosphere microflora (total bacteria, ammonifying bacteria, aerobic non-symbiotic N₂-fixing bacteria, thiosulphate-oxidising bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi), N mineralisation, and thiosulphate oxidation in soil. The pesticide treatments had significantly different effects on the rhizosphere microflora and their activities, depending on the kind of pesticide, the mode of application (individually or in combination), and the stage of growth of the jute plants. Although the pesticides hindered growth in the early stages, later stages were not affected because the effects on the rhizosphere microflora subsided. In addition, the combination of the herbicide Basalin (a dinitroaniline compound) and the fungicide Bengard (a benzimidazole derivative) virtually cancelled out each other's effects.     

Tillage and application effects on herbicide leaching and runoff

Herbicides are key products in sustaining agricultural production and, to minimize agro-environmental concerns regarding their use, continued assessment of their behavior under different management practices is required. Leaching and runoff losses of four herbicides applied preplant-incorporated (PPI) were evaluated in two tillage systems over a 3-year period (1989–1991). Scant leaching during the droughty 1991 growing season limited treatment evaluations to 2 years. Herbicides were applied at recommended rates (1.7 and 2.2 kg active ingredient (a.i.) ha⁻¹) to conventional tillage (CT) and mulch tillage (MT) corn (Zea mays L.) fields on Hagerstown silty clay loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf). Tillage treatments were defined as moldboard plow-disk-harrow (CT) and single-disking (MT). During this study, CT followed 5 years of corn production in a comparable CT system on this site and, similarly, MT followed a 5-year no-tillage (NT) system. Herbicides were applied preemergence (PRE) to CT and NT in the 5-year study and preplant-incorporated (PPI) in this study. Herbicide mobility in subsurface drainage was evaluated from herbicide mass transported to pan lysimeters installed 1.2 m deep. Surface drainage losses of these chemicals were determined from residues in runoff collected with automated sampling and recording equipment.

Leachate volumes were greater from MT than CT in 1989 and 1990 and exceeded all seasonal losses during the previous 5 years under NT management. Comparisons of total seasonal leachate discharged to pan lysimeters within and among studies and herbicide mass leached showed that timing of leachate-inducing precipitation relative to herbicide application was the key factor in regulating herbicide translocation. Herbicide mass transported through the root zone averaged from less than 0.1% to 0.9% of applied rates in CT and from 1.4% to 5.1% in MT.

Leachate-availability of herbicide residues and extent of herbicide longevity in this soil under MT conditions were similar to previous findings under NT management. Despite these behavioral similarities for herbicides among tillages, herbicide mass discharged per unit of percolate was most often lower for MT compared with NT, particularly in early growing seasons of comparable precipitation. Thus, the PPI treatment in MT appeared to reduce leaching of these chemicals compared with PRE application in NT.

Runoff losses of PPI herbicides ranged from 0.35% to 0.77% of applied rates in CT and from 0.13% to 0.28% in MT. Losses of PRE-applied herbicides from NT averaged less than 0.1% of applied rates; maximum yearly losses ranged from 0.06% to 0.18%. Thus, the character of the disked, minimally tilled surface provided a level of impedance to runoff that was greater than achieved with the tilled surface on this 3 to 5% slope, but less than previously obtained with an untilled, mulch-covered surface.     

Changes in the atrazine extractable residues in no-tilled Mollisols

The effect of application dose and soil organic matter (SOM) stratification on changes in atrazine (6-chloro-N²-ethyl-N⁴-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) extractable residues (ER) were investigated. Two soils [Entic Haplustoll (EH) and Typic Hapludoll (TH)] with contrasting SOM content and form and without previous atrazine exposure were selected. Sampling was carried out at two depths: 0–2 and 2–5 cm. Atrazine ER were measured at 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days in laboratory incubation. Atrazine concentration recovered 1 h after of its application (C_t0) was used as an index of the soil capacity to reduce the atrazine extractable fraction. SOM stratification was studied by means of physical fractionation. In both soils, the higher OC concentration was found in the 200–2000 μm fraction (OC_{f 200–2000}). Soils differed in terms of the OC_f 50–200/OC_{f 200–2000} ratio. This ratio increased with depth in EH soil: 0.23 (0–2 cm) and 2.00 (2–5 cm). In TH soil, the ratio was 0.80 (0–2 cm) and 0.50 (2–5 cm). The t_1/2 values ranged from 9 to 19 days, depending on soil type and atrazine application dose. The upper layer C_t0 and k were higher for higher atrazine doses. Implementation of a split application dose of atrazine may be an effective alternative to extend its half-life in soil solution, as well as involving a lower potential risk of soil accumulation or vertical movement in the soil profile towards deep soil layers and groundwater.     

几种玉米大田除草剂对AM真菌侵染及其酶活性的影响

在接种G intraradices和G etunicatum的玉米植株盆栽钵中 ,按大田常规用量 ,施用乙草胺、丁草胺、灵达、骠马、百草敌和使它隆 6种除草剂 ,对玉米植株的生物量、AM真菌菌丝根段侵染率、菌丝碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)和琥珀酸脱氢酶 (SDH)活性及土壤中AM真菌菌丝的总量均有显著影响。第 1 0周取样 ,对玉米植株生物量影响较大的除草剂为骠马 (植株生物量为 2 1 1～ 31 3g) ,影响较小的为灵达 (植株生物量为 5 9 7～ 6 5 5g) ,而对照的生物量为 84 4～ 95 7g ;对AM真菌侵染率影响较大的为丁草胺 (AM真菌侵染率为 1 3 7%～1 8 1 %) ,影响较少的为使它隆 (AM真菌侵染率为 30 4 %～ 36 6 %) ,而对照侵染率为 6 3 0 %～ 88 2 %;对AM真菌菌丝ALP和SDH酶活性影响较大的为丁草胺 (ALP为 8 1 %～ 1 0 4 %,SDH为 1 0 6 %～ 1 4 6 %) ,影响较小的为使它隆 (ALP为 1 7 0 %～ 2 0 6 %,SDH为 2 3 1 %～ 2 8 2 %) ,而对照的ALP为 38 0 %～ 5 0 3%,SDH为4 9 7%～ 72 4 %;此外 ,除草剂对土壤中AM真菌菌丝的总量也有显著影响。     

Use of chemical desiccants pre-ploughing to enhance establishment of reseeded pastures

In the present study different formulations of the chemical desiccants glyphosate and paraquat were used to destroy old grassland before reseeding. The reseeded pastures that developed subsequently had visibly improved numbers of tillers per unit area, which was reflected in an enhanced herbage yield. Reduction of soil moisture loss as a result of diminished or curtailed transpiration from the plants following application of the herbicides appeared to be the explanation of this phenomenon.     

干旱胁迫对麦田茎叶型除草剂药效的影响

对麦喜、麦思达、巨星、快灭灵和好事达等5种茎叶型除草剂在麦田土壤干旱胁迫下的杀草速度和除草效果进行了研究。结果表明:5种除草剂的杀草速度及除草效果均在一定程度上受到土壤墒情的影响。用药前后土壤干旱可以使一些除草剂杀草速度变慢,除草效果明显降低。但不同除草剂受土壤干旱胁迫的影响程度不一样,其中麦思达和巨星受土壤干旱胁迫的影响较小,在用药前土壤相对含水量8.35％～9.03％时,用药后1周内浇水,仍可起到理想除草效果,药剂对杂草的鲜重防效达到92.6％～96.7％。而另外3种除草剂的药效受土壤干旱胁迫影响较大。