Diversity of rhizobia isolated from an agricultural soil in Argentina based on carbon utilization and effects of herbicides on growth

Seventy-six rhizobial isolates belonging to four different genera were obtained from the root nodules of several legumes (Vicia sativa, Vicia faba, Medicago sativa, Melilotus sp., Glycine max and Lotus corniculatus). The action of five commonly used herbicides [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), glyphosate (GF), dicamba, atrazine and metsulfuron-methyl] on the growth of rhizobial strains was assessed. Subsequently, GF and 2,4-D were tested in a minimum broth as C and energy sources for 20 tolerant strains. The ability of these strains to metabolize different carbon sources was studied in order to detect further differences among them. Tolerance of the bacteria to agrochemicals varied; 2,4-D and GF in solid medium inhibited and diminished growth, respectively, in slow-growing rhizobial strains. Among slow-growing strains we detected Bradyrhizobium sp. SJ140 that grew well in broth + GF as the sole C and energy source. No strain was found which could use 2,4-D as sole C source. The 20 strains studied exhibited different patterns of C sources utilization. Cluster analysis revealed three groups, corresponding to four genera of rhizobia: Rhizobium (group I), Sinorhizobium (group II) and Mesorhizobium–Bradyrhizobium (group III). On the basis of the results obtained on responses to herbicides and C sources utilization by the isolates investigated, it was possible to differentiate them at the level of strains. These results evidenced a considerable diversity in rhizobial populations that had not been previously described for Argentinean soils, and suggested a physiological potential to use natural and xenobiotic C sources.     

丘陵红壤旱地不同除草剂对花生田杂草的防治效果研究

[目的]筛选适合丘陵红壤旱地花生田使用的高效、安全性除草剂。[方法]通过小区试验比较了96%金都尔乳油、90%乙草胺乳油和50%乙草胺乳油3种芽前除草剂对花生田杂草的防除效果。[结果]前期喷施芽前除草剂金都尔和乙草胺,后期喷施相同剂量的芽后除草剂5%精喹禾灵(900 ml/hm2)和48%灭草松(3 000 ml/hm2)混和液,3种处理相比清水对照处理对花生田杂草防效显著。[结论]从田间杂草防除效果及对花生安全性和产量的影响等综合因素来看,使用96%金都尔乳油900 ml/hm2处理对杂草防除效果最好。     

Effect of Some Weed Control Treatments on Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and Associated Weeds

Two field experiments were carried out during 1984 and 1985 seasons at the Farm of Shandaweel Agric. Res. Station, A. R. C, Ministry of Agric. (Egypt), to study the effect of five herbicides applied as a single or in tank mixtures as well as hoeing treatment on sesame plants and dominated annual weeds under Upper Egypt growing conditions. The herbicides alachlor at 2.304, pendimethalin at 2.040, linuron at 1.200, diuron at 0.960 and prometryn at 1.920 kg a.i./ha were applied preemergence as a single herbicides, as well as alachlor and pendimethalin combined with linuron, diuron or prometryn at the same rates. Two checks were included, one was left without weed removal, while the other was hand-hoed.
Pendimethalin at 2.040 applied alone or in mixtures with linuron at 1.200 or with diuron at 0.960 kg a.i./ha gave the best grass weed control, while excellent effectiveness against annual broad-leaves was obtained by linuron at 1,200 and diuron at 0.960 kg a.i./ha alone or in mixtures with pendimethalin at 2.040 kg a.i./ha. Whereas, pendimithalin at 2.040 applied alone or in tank mixtures with linuron at 1.200 or with diuron at 0.960 kg a.i./ha gave the best control for total annual weeds and higher seed yield of sesame as well as other yield contributing characters.     

UPLC法同时测定玉米中不同类型除草剂残留的方法

[目的]建立玉米中4种不同类型的9种除草剂残留量的超高效液相色谱(UPLC)检测方法。[方法]样品前处理采用QuEChERS方法,以ACQUITY UPLC BHE C18(2.1 mm×50.0 mm,1.7μm)为色谱柱,以水(含0.05%H3PO4)、乙腈(含0.05%H3PO4)为流动相。[结果]在优化的条件下,9种除草剂在4.5 min内实现基线分离;检测限和定量限分别为15～30和30～60μg/kg;在各自的浓度范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均大于0.999;在高、中、低3个水平的加标回收率为79.5%～98.8%,方法的标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为2.0%～9.6%。[结论]该方法简便、高效、准确,为除草剂残留的常规检测提供了一种省时、可行的新方法。     

Weed emergence as affected by maize (Zea mays L.)-cover crop rotations in contrasting arable soils of Zimbabwe under conservation agriculture

Weed control in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa is labour intensive or costly. Many researchers have therefore advocated for the use of cover crops in weed management as an affordable alternative for smallholders. Cover crops may be grown in rotations to suppress weeds and reduce the reliance on herbicides. The use of cover crops creates microenvironments that are either conducive or inhibitive to the emergence of certain weed species. A study, initiated in 2008 in contrasting soils at four different locations of Zimbabwe, investigated the effect of maize (Zea mays L.)-cover crop rotations on the emergence of weeds that showed dominance in those soils. Weed assessments were however, carried out from 2011 to 2014. The weed species Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Commelina benghalensis L., and Richardia scabra L. showed dominance in all four locations with weed densities as high as 500 plants m⁻² being recorded for R. scabra L. in a sandy soil. Maize-cover crop rotations resulted in higher densities of Bidens pilosa compared with maize monocropping (control treatment) due to its high nitrogen (N) requirement to produce more seeds. On the other hand, the integration of cover crops such as pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] that had poor shading qualities, due to large gaps or spaces and slower initial growth, had limited effects on competitive weeds such as Cyperus esculentus L. which tend to dominate exhausted soils. The density of C. esculentus was 38% greater in maize–pigeon pea rotations compared with the control treatment. Variability between seasons and sites affected emergence of all weeds in the present study, which masked long-term trends. The results suggest that there is need to identify the germination and emergence requirements of specific weeds and select cover crops best suitable for their control. The study provides useful information for farmers and advisors on the best cover crops for control of certain problematic weeds in different soil types of Zimbabwe.     

几种除草剂对烟田杂草的防除效果

[目的]筛选出高效、低毒、无药害的烟田除草剂。[方法]采用小区试验研究目前烟草推荐使用的闲耕、金都尔、烟隆旺、烟舒4种芽前除草剂对烟田杂草的防除效果。[结果]异噁草松和仲丁灵为有效成分的烟隆旺除草剂对烟田杂草的防除效果较好,药效持续时间较长;金都尔和烟舒对单子叶杂草的防治效果好于对双子叶杂草;各参试除草剂对烟株生长影响不大,未产生明显药害。检测报告显示,各处理药剂在烟叶中未出现农药残留,但在土壤中均留下一定量相对应的农药残留物。[结论]试验结果为烟叶生产中合理使用除草剂提供了参考。     

3种除草剂对水稻产量·杂草防除及后茬作物安全性的影响

[目的]筛选适合水稻田的高效除草剂。[方法]采用小区试验研究50%二氯喹啉酸WP、38%苄·二氯WP和25 g/L五氟磺草胺OF 3种水稻田常用除草剂对水稻产量、杂草防除,以及后茬作物烟草、花生株高及鲜重的影响。[结果]药后15、45 d株防效及鲜重防效表现为38%苄·二氯WP25 g/L五氟磺草胺OF50%二氯喹啉酸WP;与对照相比,3种除草剂对水稻产量均有增产作用,增产效果为38%苄·二氯WP25 g/L五氟磺草胺OF50%二氯喹啉酸WP;3种除草剂处理过的土壤对后茬作物烟草、花生株高、鲜重的影响有差异,其中50%二氯喹啉酸WP和38%苄·二氯WP对后茬烟草、花生株高、鲜重有抑制作用,而25 g/L五氟磺草胺OF安全性好。[结论]考虑到二氯喹啉酸田间杂草抗药性以及土壤残留药害等因素,建议在水稻-烟草、水稻-花生等轮作区推广应用25 g/L五氟磺草胺OF防治稻田杂草。     

2种除草剂对燕麦产量、杂草防除及后茬作物安全性的影响

试验采用前期筛选的2种最佳除草剂仲丁灵和二甲·辛酰溴施用于燕麦田(Avena sativa),调查燕麦鲜草、种子产量及防效,并初步研究不同浓度除草剂对后茬植物出苗率、株高及鲜重的影响.结果表明:药后15 d,30 d株防效及鲜重防效表现为施用高浓度二甲·辛酰溴 > 中浓度二甲·辛酰溴 > 高浓度仲丁灵.表明与对照相比,所有处理对燕麦产量均有增产作用,2种除草剂都在中浓度增效明显,且二甲·辛酰溴优于仲丁灵.低浓度除草剂处理过的土壤对后茬冬油菜及皮、裸燕麦出苗无影响,在中、低浓度下对后茬成株期株高和鲜重有促进作用,而高浓度除草剂对后茬出苗率及成株期生长有抑制作用.仲丁灵中浓度对后茬影响最小,高浓度二甲·辛酰溴对后茬抑制最大.因此建议燕麦田施用40%仲丁灵和40%二甲·辛酰溴分别不超过5625 和2025 mL·hm^-2.     

几种除草剂对春麦田禾本科杂草的防除效果

野燕麦、旱雀麦是青海春麦田主要的禾本科杂草,发生普遍,危害严重.为控制其危害,对目前开发出来的6种防除麦田禾本科杂草的除草剂进行了田间药效试验,结果表明:50g/L炔草酸·唑啉草脂EC 600mL/hm2、150g/L麦极WP 300g/hm、69g/L骠马EW 750mL/hm2对野燕麦的防效分别达到98.80%、9...     

二氯喹啉酸在烟草上发生药害原因及预防措施

简述了二氯喹啉酸作为中国水稻田常用的一种除草剂的特性及作用机理,回顾二氯喹啉酸在国内各烟草产区对烟草产生药害的历史,分析了二氯喹啉酸的使用对烟草产生药害的症状、原因及防治措施。通过各地的试验、实践得出如下结论,二氯喹啉酸是稻田中比较好的除草剂,对烟草产生的药害是可以防止的,通过轮作间隔期、合理施药等方法即可避免。但是,药害一旦发生,则很难通过生理生化等方法使烟草产生的畸形症状得以恢复。文章可为二氯喹啉酸类除草剂的合理使用提供依据及技术指导。