抽穗扬花期温度对红米花粉育性·结实率及其粒重的影响

[目的]研究红米品种的花粉育性、结实率、粒重对温度的敏感性。[方法]用6个井冈红米为材料,采用分期播种的方法,研究了孕穗期、抽穗扬花期温度对花粉育性、结实率和粒重的影响。[结果]开花前3￣8d是水稻花粉育性对温度的敏感时期,当日最高气温达35℃以上时,花粉育性明显降低;开花当天高温是引起结实率降低的主要原因,当开花当天日平均温度高于31℃时,结实率明显下降;开花后1～10d是水稻粒重对温度的敏感时期,当日平均气温达31℃以上时,粒重明显降低。[结论]在6个红米品种中,红米3号结实率较高,平均为71.10%,且结实率对高温的稳定性较好;粒重较大,平均千粒重为21.30g;产量高。该品种适合推广应用。     

赤霉素处理影响草莓成花的解剖学研究

赤霉素(GA3)处理茎尖分生组织处于成花诱导前后的草莓植株,较全面地报告了由此引起的草莓植株发育状况、成花情况、花芽分化进程以及分化状态等内容,并且对不同时期处理所引起的成花逆转、成花抑制以及成花延迟等现象进行了分析,旨在为进一步深入研究激素调控草莓花芽分化奠定基础。     

叶子花花期调控技术研究进展

叶子花是应用较多的盆栽观花和园林绿化植物,在中国南北方都有广泛应用。通过花期调控技术研究,使叶子花能够周年开花,极大地扩展其应用范围,提高商品价值;另外花期调控技术还可以使育种者缩短叶子花育种周期,加快育种进程。在此,综述了叶子花花期技术,叶子花花芽分化进程受环境因子影响,通过光照、温度、水分的调控可达到控制花芽分化的目的;叶子花营养生长可通过栽培管理来调控,从而达到花期调控的目的;植物生长调节剂处理不仅能调控花期,还能延长开放时间,提高开花质量。对叶子花花期调控技术研究进展进行综述,从光照、温度、水分、栽培管理和生长调节剂等几方面的调控阐述叶子花花芽分化和花期调控技术研究现状,并提出了叶子花花期调控的综合技术措施。     

Seasonal timing of floral initiation in strawberry: Effects of cultivar and geographic location

It was previously shown that nitrogen fertilization immediately after commencement of SD exposure enhanced the floral induction effect of SD in June-bearing strawberries (Sønsteby et al., 2009). In order to optimize the timing of such fertilization under field conditions, seasonal timing of floral initiation in the strawberry cultivars ‘Frida’, ‘Polka’, ‘Korona’ and Florence’ was studied in the field at five contrasting latitudinal and altitudinal geographic locations in Norway and, for comparison, under controlled environment conditions with 12 h photoperiod and temperatures ranging from 9 to 18 °C. Serial collections and dissections of crowns from the various locations revealed that floral initiation was successively delayed with increasing latitude and altitude of the location, and with decreasing temperature under controlled environment conditions. Both in the field and in the phytotron, floral initiation was earliest in ‘Frida’ closely followed by ‘Polka’ and in due course by ‘Korona’ and finally ‘Florence’ which was particularly slow to respond. Floral initiation in the phytotron was progressively advanced with increasing temperature and was optimal at 15–18 °C. Flowering time in the field was mainly determined by thermal relations in the spring and early summer, and accordingly, it was strongly delayed with increasing latitude and altitude of the location. In addition, late floral initiation in autumn also delayed flowering in the spring. Based on these observations, optimal timing of autumn fertilization for the various locations and cultivars are suggested.     

Deferring flowering of nobile dendrobium hybrids by holding plants under low temperature after vernalization

Orchids are currently the most valuable potted crop in the United States. To date, no studies focused on making possible the year-round greenhouse production of flowering nobile dendrobium orchids. This experiment was aimed at developing a strategy to defer flowering of nobile dendrobium orchids by holding them under low temperature. Mature Den. Red Emperor ‘Prince’ and Den. Sea Mary ‘Snow King’ were held at 10 °C for various durations (0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 weeks) after vernalization (4 weeks at 10 °C). Plants were forced in a greenhouse after holding. Time to flower, flower differentiation (flowering node percentage, number of aerial shoot and aborted bud) and flower quality (total flower number, flower diameter, flower number per flowering node and flower longevity) were determined. Increase of low temperature holding duration from 0 to 16 weeks extended time to flower up to 3 months and did not affect parameters of flower except producing larger flowers and reducing flower number per flowering node for Den. Red Emperor ‘Prince’. Notably, the flower longevity was not adversely affected. Defoliation was aggravated in Den. Red Emperor ‘Prince’ by longer duration of cooling and was considered a detrimental effect of low temperature holding.     

广东省菜薹（菜心）育种研究进展

广东省菜薹（菜心）育种主要采用系统选育法、诱变育种、杂种优势利用、组织培养、分子标记辅助选择育种以及抗性及品质育种,各种育种方法均得到了一些目标性状的品种,但运用远缘杂交、单倍体培养、基因工程创新菜薹资源还有待深入研究。     

棉花SVP-like基因GhMADS29的克隆与表达分析

[目的]研究棉花中SVP类基因的功能。[方法]通过同源克隆的方法在陆地棉中棉所36中克隆SVP的同源基因GhMADS29,对其进行Blast搜索比对和进化树分析以及荧光定量的表达模式分析。[结果]GhMADS29与猕猴桃的SVP4基因相似度最高,其cDNA序列含有9个外显子、8个内含子,不同时期顶芽的荧光定量结果表明它在花芽分化起始期的花芽中表达量最高,且不同组织的荧光定量分析表明它在叶片和顶芽中表达量较高。[结论]首次获得棉花SVP亚族基因,命名为GhMADS29,其GeneBank登录号为JQ682642。     

园林花卉真菌病害研究之五

 本文报道15种园林花卉植物上15种真菌病害,其中国内新记录5种,云南、四川、新疆、省区新记录10种,国内新记录种有描述附病原图,标本存云南农业大学植物病理研究室真菌标本室(MHYAU).     

刺槐开花传粉及交配方式

在北京延庆县观测刺槐花朵的形态特征、开花动态以及传粉媒介,用杂交指数(OC,I)、花粉—胚珠比(P/O)、人工授粉等方法分别测定刺槐的交配方式。结果表明,刺槐为两性花,有10个雄蕊,且分布在雌蕊周围,柱头比花药最多高出(4.53±0.11)mm,雌雄蕊同熟;单花花粉量高达28 071.67±879.47,花粉保存1 d后有活力的占87.67%,花粉胚珠比(P/O)高于1 000;雌蕊的可授期从开花前2 d持续到开花后2 d,共持续4 d左右,超出这一阶段,可授性大大下降;刺槐杂交指数(OC,I)为4,授粉试验结果表明天然授粉坐果率最高,其均值为40.67%,套袋自交平均坐果率18.0%,去雄杂交平均坐果率3.56%。刺槐属于异交为主、部分自交亲和的交配方式,异花授粉方式为虫媒传粉。     

甜玉米金玉甜1号制种父母本花期及栽培密度研究

为了获得金玉甜1号高产制种的父母本最佳播期差以及母本最佳载培密度,研究了甜玉米金玉甜1号制种父母本的花期相遇以及栽培密度对其制种产量的影响。结果表明,金玉甜1号春季制种父本比母本迟播18～20 d,父母本花期达到最佳相遇。在父母本花期正常相遇的前提下,金玉甜1号制种母本的最适栽培密度为4.76万株/hm2。